Table 1.
Aspergillus species associated with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.
| Species | Country (Cases Number) |
Identification Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Italy (9) | Culture from BAL and AT | [14] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Germany (4) | Culture from BAL, AT, and PCR | [18] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Netherlands (6) | Culture from BAL, AT, and sputum | [21] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Italy (1) | Culture from BAL | [22] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. niger/A. section Nigri, A. flavus/A. section Flavi | Italy (NA) | Culture from BAL | [23] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | France (1) | Culture from AT (X2) | [24] |
| A. fumigatus | United Kingdom (NA) | Respiratory secretions (BAL fluids, NBL fluids, TA, and secretions) were subjected to GM testing, Aspergillus-specific PCR, microscopic examination, and mycological culture. A limited selection of serum or BAL fluid samples was also subjected to Aspergillus-specific LFD testing. | [25] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | France (NA) | Culture from BAL and AT | [26] |
| Aspergillus spp. | France (NA) | Culture from BAL and AT | [27] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. flavus/A. section Flavi, A. calidoustus/A. section Usti | France (NA) | Culture from BAL, AB, and AT | [28] |
| A. fumigatus (TR34/L98H mutation)/A. section Fumigati | France (1) | Culture from AT | [29] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | France (NA) | Culture from BAL and AT | [30] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Denmark (NA) | Culture from BAL and AT | [31] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Germany (2) | Culture from BAL | [32] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Swiss (NA) | Culture from AT | [33] |
| A. flavus/A. section Flavi | France (1) | Culture from AT | [34] |
|
A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. citrinoterreus/A. section Terrei, A. lentulus/A. section Fumigati |
Spain (NA) | Culture from BAL | [35] |
| A. fumigatus (TR32/L98H mutation)/A. section Fumigati | Netherlands (1) | Culture from BAL and AT | [36] |
| A. fumigatus (TR34/L98H mutation)/A. section Fumigati | Ireland (1) | Culture from AT | [37] |
| A. flavus/A. section Flavi, A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. terreus/A. section Terrei | Pakistan (NA) | Culture from BAL, AT, and sputum | [38] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Austria (1) | Culture from AT | [39] |
|
A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, Aspergillus spp., A. flavus/A. section Flavi, A. niger/A. section Nigri |
Mexico (NA) | Culture from AT | [40] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. flavus/A. section Flavi | Belgium (7) | Culture from BAL and AT | [41] |
| Unidentified | Brazil (1) | Sequencing identifying A. penicillioides |
[42] |
|
A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus |
Spain (NA) | ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 amplification by PCR and Sanger sequencing | [43] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | Australia (1) | Culture from AT (X3) | [44] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati, A. flavus/A. section Flavi, A. terreus/A. section Terrei | Netherlands (NA) | Culture from BAL | [45] |
| Aspergillus spp. | Mexico (NA) | Culture from BAL | [46] |
| A. fumigatus/A. section Fumigati | France (NA) | Culture from BAL and AT | [47] |
BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; AT: tracheal aspirate; NBL: non-bronchoscopic lavage specimens; GM: galactomannan; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; LFD: lateral flow device; BDG: β-D-glucan; AB: bronchial aspirate; NA: not available.