Table 2.
Crude and overlap propensity score-weighted odds ratios of the history and duration of PPI use for incident migraines.
| Characteristics | Migraine | Control | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Use/Total, %) | (Use/Total, %) | Crude | p-Value | Adjusted Model with OW † | p-Value | |
| History of PPI use | ||||||
| Past | 9338/57,905 (16.1) | 48,567/57,905 (83.9) | 2.64 (2.47–2.82) | <1.0 × 10−30 * | 2.56 (2.36–2.79) | <1.0 × 10−30 * |
| Current | 17,766/67,348 (26.4) | 49,582/67,348 (73.6) | 4.92 (4.61–5.25) | <1.0 × 10−30 * | 4.66 (4.29–5.06) | <1.0 × 10−30 * |
| Duration of PPI use | ||||||
| <30 days | 6972/44,533 (15.7) | 37,561/44,533 (84.3) | 2.55 (2.38–2.73) | <1.0 × 10−30 * | 2.49 (2.29–2.72) | <1.0 × 10−30 * |
| 30–365 days | 14,210/56,456 (25.2) | 42,246/56,456 (74.8) | 4.62 (4.33–4.93) | <1.0 × 10−30 * | 4.41 (4.05–4.79) | <1.0 × 10−30 * |
| ≥365 days | 5922/24,263 (24.4) | 18,341/24,263 (75.6) | 4.43 (4.14–4.75) | <1.0 × 10−30 * | 4.14 (3.77–4.54) | <1.0 × 10−30 * |
Abbreviations: PPI, proton pump inhibitor; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; OW, overlap propensity score-weighted adjustment. * Logistic regression model, significance at p < 0.05. † Adjusted for age, sex, income status, region of residence, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, weight status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, number of GERD treatments, and duration of treatment with H2-receptor antagonist.