Table 3.
Associations of higher genetically proxied milk consumption with biomarkers from a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies (inverse-variance weighted method)
| First author | Unit | Outcome | N | Beta (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ricardo Almon | Per effect allele | Body mass index | 221 | 0.960 (0.080, 1.850) | 0.033 |
| Hartwig FP | 42 ml/day | Diastolic blood pressure | 2780 | 0.270 (−0.450, 0.990) | 0.470 |
| Hartwig FP | 42 ml/day | Systolic blood pressure | 2780 | 0.430 (−0.500, 1.370) | 0.360 |
| Hartwig FP | 42 ml/day | Body mass index | 2780 | 0.440 (0.000, 0.880) | 0.050 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 577 | −0.028 (−0.036, −0.020) | 2.30E−11 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 577 | −0.014 (−0.022, −0.006) | 0.001 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Femoral neck bone mineral density | 53,236 | −0.004 (−0.023, 0.015) | 0.693 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Fasting glucose | 108,557 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.637 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Triglycerides | 577 | 0.003 (−0.005, 0.011) | 0.472 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Lumbar spine bone mineral density | 53,236 | 0.004 (−0.019, 0.027) | 0.746 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Hemoglobin A1c | 46,368 | 0.004 (−0.004, 0.012) | 0.332 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Beta cell function | 46,186 | 0.007 (−0.001, 0.015) | 0.086 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Waist-to-hip ratio | 210,222 | 0.008 (0.000, 0.016) | 0.050 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Insulin resistance | 46,186 | 0.009 (0.001, 0.017) | 0.027 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Fasting insulin | 108,557 | 0.012 (0.006, 0.018) | 1.01E−4 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Forearm bone mineral density | 53,236 | 0.013 (−0.06, 0.033) | 0.740 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | Body mass index | 324,870 | 0.016 (0.010, 0.022) | 0.000 |
| Yang Q | 66 g/day | 2h glucose after drinking the glucose solution | 42,854 | 0.021 (−0.003, 0.045) | 0.086 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Total cholesterol | 418,840 | −0.080 (−0.120, −0.050) | 1.90E−06 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 418,840 | −0.070 (−0.100, −0.040) | 3.60E−06 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 418,840 | −0.040 (−0.060, −0.020) | 3.00E−05 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Triglycerides | 418,840 | 0.000 (−0.010, 0.010) | 0.970 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Hemoglobin A1c | 418,840 | 0.000 (−0.010, 0.000) | 0.300 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Waist circumference | 418,840 | 0.010 (−0.020, 0.040) | 0.500 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | C-reactive protein | 418,840 | 0.010 (−0.010, 0.020) | 0.400 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Systolic blood pressure | 418,840 | 0.020 (−0.180, 0.230) | 0.800 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Body mass index | 418,840 | 0.040 (0.020, 0.060) | 3.60E−05 |
| Vimaleswaran KS | 50 g/day | Diastolic blood pressure | 418,840 | 0.080 (−0.050, 0.200) | 0.200 |
CI confidence interval