Table 1.
Cohort characteristics.
| Males (n = 162, 52.4%) | Females (n = 147, 47.6%) | Two-Factor ANOVA (p) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IS (28.8%) | IR (23.6%) | IS (25.2%) | IR (22.3%) | Sex | IS/IR | Sex × IS/IR | |
| n, % | 89 (54.9) | 73 (45.1) | 78 (53.1) | 69 (46.9) | 0.741 Chi | ||
| Age, years | 18.1 ± 0.90 | 17.6 ± 0.7 | 17.4 ± 1.2 | 17.6 ± 1.4 | 0.001 | 0.323 | 0.010 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.080 |
| FA, mmol/L | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.080 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 8.1 (5.6, 11.7) | 21.3 (14.5, 31.1) | 9.3 (6.5, 13.4) | 21.5 (14.6, 31.6) | 0.069 | <0.001 | 0.111 |
| QUICKI | 0.353 ± 0.022 | 0.303 ± 0.015 | 0.347 ± 0.021 | 0.305 ± 0.015 | 0.366 | <0.001 | 0.090 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 24.5 ± 4.1 | 26.0 ± 6.9 | 0.791 | 0.013 | 0.775 |
| WHtR | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.301 | 0.766 | 0.611 |
| TBF, % | 21.1 ± 7.1 | 23.5 ± 7.4 | 34.7 ± 7.0 | 35.7 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | 0.066 | 0.373 |
| SBP, mmHg | 125 ± 11 | 126 ± 13 | 110 ± 11 | 110 ± 10 | <0.001 | 0.899 | 0.551 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74 ± 7 | 76 ± 9 | 72 ± 8 | 73 ± 9 | 0.008 | 0.381 | 0.680 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.23 | 1.16 ± 0.23 | 1.46 ± 0.30 | 1.48 ± 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.129 | 0.039 |
| nonHDL-C, mmol/L | 2.75 ± 0.72 | 3.13 ± 0.91 | 2.79 ± 0.58 | 2.95 ± 0.81 | 0.417 | 0.002 | 0.220 |
| TAG, mmol/L | 0.85 (0.55, 1.30) | 1.25 (0.75, 2.07) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.72) | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.267 |
| cMSS | 2.09 ± 0.44 | 2.58 ± 0.74 | 2.00 ± 0.38 | 2.44 ± 0.51 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| cMSS4 | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 1.64 ± 0.75 | 1.17 ± 0.38 | 1.35 ± 0.50 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.057 |
| Albumin, g/L | 48.5 ± 2.0 | 48.2 ± 2.2 | 47.4 ± 2.2 | 46.8 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 0.074 | 0.566 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.5 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.9) | 0.8 (0.2, 2.6) | 1.4 (0.3, 5.2) | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.232 |
| Uric acid, mmol/L | 360 ± 56 | 376 ± 65 | 263 ± 50 | 275 ± 58 | <0.001 | 0.029 | 0.777 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 104 ± 12 | 102 ± 13 | 107 ± 15 | 109 ± 14 | 0.001 | 0.969 | 0.281 |
| u-ACR, mg/mmoL | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.7) | <0.001 | 0.096 | 0.200 |
| TBARS, µmol/L | 1.60 (0.32, 3.16) | 1.38 (0.30, 2.44) | 1.17 (0.33, 2.54) | 1.42 (0.30, 3.18) | 0.089 | 0.752 | 0.038 |
ANOVA analysis of variance, IS insulin-sensitive (i.e., QUICKI > 0.319), IR insulin-resistant (i.e., QUICKI ≤ 0.319), Chi Chi-square test p, FA fructosamine, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, BMI body mass index; WHtR waist-to-height ratio, TBF total body fat, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TAG triacylglycerols, cMSS continuous metabolic syndrome score, cMSS4 continuous metabolic syndrome score without glycemia, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, u-ACR urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Data are presented as counts (percentage), mean ± SD (normally distributed data), or as geometric mean (−1 SD, +1 SD) of back-transformed log data (data not fitting to normal distribution were logarithmically transformed); and were evaluated using the two-factor ANOVA, with categorized sex and insulin sensitivity status entered as fix factors. p < 0.05 was considered significant and is highlighted in bold.