. 2022 Nov 21;14(22):4929. doi: 10.3390/nu14224929

Table 2.

Reactive dicarbonyls, advanced glycation end-products, soluble receptors for advanced glycation end-products, and soluble vascular adhesion protein levels in sera; urinary excretion of advanced glycation end-products and D-lactate; and fractional excretion of advanced glycation end-products in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant males and females.

	Males (n = 162, 52.4%)		Females (n = 147, 47.6%)		Two-Factor ANOVA
	IS (n = 89)	IR (n = 73)	IS (n = 78)	IR (n = 69)	Sex	IS/IR	Sex × IS/IR
Methylglyoxal, nmol/L	520 (406, 666)	512 (387, 676)	335 (256, 437)	364 (290, 457)	<0.001	0.244	0.089
Glyoxal, nmol/L	1871 ± 479	1818 ± 526	1188 ± 233	1329 ± 309	<0.001	0.348	0.039
3-DG, nmol/L	1492 ± 127	1666 ± 183	1128 ± 140	1305 ± 198	<0.001	<0.001	0.004
free MG-H1, nmol/L	105 (69, 160)	126 (72.4, 223)	85 (49, 146)	115 (64, 209)	0.010	<0.001	0.291
free CML, nmol/L	101 (74, 139)	94 (65, 134)	76 (56, 101)	78 (56, 107)	<0.001	0.468	0.140
free CEL, nmol/L	52.2 ± 16.0	57.7 ± 24.5	45.3 ± 13.8	51.6 ± 17.4	0.002	0.005	0.864
pb-pentosidine, nmol/mmol lys	0.39 (0.33, 0.45)	0.41 (0.35, 0.49)	0.41 (0.33, 0.51)	0.42 (0.34, 0.52)	0.061	0.040	0.381
pb-MGH1, nmol/mmol lys	320 ± 58	277 ± 42	308 ± 50	320 ± 49	0.007	0.010	<0.001
pb-CML, nmol/mmol lys	71.9 (58.5, 88.4)	66.2 (53.4, 82.0)	75.8 (60.2, 95.4)	76.2 (60.2, 95.4)	<0.001	0.128	0.082
pb-CEL, nmol/mmol lys	8.6 (6.7, 11.0)	8.2 (6.2, 10.9)	13.2 (9.0, 19.2)	18.8 (13.2, 26.9)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
sRAGE, pg/mL	1437 ± 470	1619 ± 573	1527 ± 495	1379 ± 421	0.184	0.765	0.004
esRAGE, pg/mL	333 ± 157	334 ± 169	308 ± 113	281 ± 101	0.014	0.434	0.384
cRAGE, pg/mL	1104 ± 363	1284 ± 441	1219 ± 406	1097 ± 357	0.435	0.514	0.001
cRAGE/esRAGE	3.50 (2.32, 5.27)	4.08 (2.96, 5.63)	4.02 (3.09, 5.22)	3.98 (2.91, 5.42)	0.142	0.063	0.033
sVAP-1, ng/mL	322 (246, 421)	349 (231, 529)	342 (242, 483)	387 (217, 688)	0.082	0.027	0.660
	n = 87	n = 72	n = 70	n = 61
u-MGH1, nmol/mmol crea	2050 (1269, 3310)	2290 (1417, 3703)	2320 (1257, 4284)	3006 (1609, 5616)	0.002	0.005	0.255
u-CML, nmol/mmol crea	1028 (763, 1384)	1115 (754, 1648)	1153 (745, 1784)	1246 (791, 1965)	0.016	0.086	0.973
u-CEL, nmol/mmol crea	507 (369, 697)	536 (379, 759)	560 (401, 777)	641 (458, 897)	<0.001	0.016	0.312
FE_MGH-1	1.50 (1.07, 2.10)	1.40 (1.01, 1.93)	1.63 (1.06, 2.51)	1.58 (1.01, 2.49)	0.023	0.258	0.628
FE_CML	0.78 (0.54, 1.13)	0.93 (0.71, 1.21)	0.90 (0.67, 1.20)	0.97 (0.66, 1.42)	0.010	0.002	0.235
FE_CEL	0.81 (0.66, 1.01)	0.77 (0.69, 0.94)	0.77 (0.59, 1.01)	0.78 (0.59, 1.02)	0.787	0.819	0.573
	n = 62	n = 48	n = 52	n = 40
u-D-lactate, µmol/mmol crea	4.2 (1.8, 9.6)	3.6 (1.7, 7.5)	6.3 (3.0, 13.0)	7.1 (3.7, 13.4)	<0.001	0.948	0.166

ANOVA analysis of variance, IS insulin-sensitive (i.e., QUICKI > 0.319), IR insulin-resistant (i.e., QUICKI ≤ 0.319), 3-DG 3-deoxyglucosone, MG-H1 methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, CML N^ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, CEL N^ε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, pb protein bound, lys lysine, sRAGE soluble. receptor for advanced glycation end-products, esRAGE endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end-products, cRAGE cleaved soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products, sVAP-1 soluble vascular adhesion protein-1, u urinary, crea creatinine, FE fractional excretion. Data are presented as counts (percentage), mean ± SD (normally distributed data), or as geometric mean (−1 SD, +1 SD) of back-transformed log data (data not fitting to normal distribution were logarithmically transformed); and were evaluated using the two-factor ANOVA, with categorized sex and insulin sensitivity status entered as fix factors. p < 0.05 was considered significant and is highlighted in bold.