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. 2022 Nov 18;23(22):14296. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214296

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular mechanisms mediating the harmful impact of remote adipose tissue depots on the cardiovascular system in obese patients. The figure illustrates the main molecular mechanisms by which remote fatty acid depots, including intra-abdominal tissue, hepatic adipose tissue, skeletal muscle fat, pancreatic fat, renal fat and mesenteric fat damage the cardiovascular system in obese patients through endocrine and paracrine mediators affecting the heart and the vasculature. FFA, free fatty acid; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NAFPD, nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ↑ increased; ↓ decreased.