Table 4.
A summary of freehand 3D US imaging study.
| Reference | Tracking Principle | Tracking System | Accuracy | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chung et al. [116] | Optical tracking | Motion Analysis, Santa Rosa, CA, USA | Spatial: 10 μm Temporal: 0.01 s |
Carotid atherosclerotic stenosis detection |
| Pelz et al. [119] | Electromagnetic tracking | Curefab CS system (Curefab Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany) |
None | Internal carotid artery stenosis diagnosis |
| Miller et al. [120] | Optical tracking | VectorVision2 navigation system (BrainLAB, Munich, Germany) | None | Image-guided surgery |
| Mercier et al. [121] | Optical tracking | Polaris (Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada) | Spatial: 0.49–0.74 mm Temporal: 82 ms |
Neuronavigation |
| Chen et al. [122] | Electromagnetic tracking | Aurora (NDI, ON, Canada) | None | Image-guided surgery |
| Wen et al. [115] | Optical tracking | Polaris (Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada) | None | Image-guided intervention |
| Sun et al. [123] | Optical tracking | OptiTrack V120:Trio (NaturalPoint Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA) | Spatial: <1 mm | Image-guided intervention |
| Worobey et al. [124] | Optical tracking | Vicon Motion Systems; Centennial, Colorado | None | Scapular position |
| Passmore et al. [125] | Optical tracking | Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK | None | Femoral torsion measurement |
| Daoud et al. [117] | Electromagnetic tracking | trakSTAR, NDI, ON, Canada | None | 3D US imaging |
| Chen and Huang [118] | Electromagnetic tracking | MiniBird, Ascension Technology Corp., Burlington, VT, USA |
None | Real-time 3D imaging |
| Cai et al. [20] | Optical tracking | OptiTrack V120: Trio (NaturalPoint Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA) | Positional: 0.08–0.69 mm Rotational: 0.33–0.62° |
3D US imaging |
| Herickhoff et al. [17] | Inertial tracking | IMU sensor (iNEMO-M1; STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland) |
None | Low-cost 3D imaging platform |
| Kim et al. [126] | Inertial tracking | Ultrasonic sensor + IMU sensor (HC-SR04, Shenzhen AV, Shenzhen, China) | Spatial: 0.79–1.25 mm | Low-cost 3D imaging platform |
| Lai et al. [127] | Optical tracking | T265, Intel, Santa Clara, CA, USA | Spatial: 2.9 ± 1.8° | Scoliosis assessment |
| Jiang et al. [128] | Electromagnetic tracking | Ascension Technology, Burlington, VT, USA | None | Scoliosis assessment |