Figure 3.

Validation of mRNA expression. A: Proteins were found to be differentially expressed between uninfected MDCK mock and infected MDCK H1N1 16 hpi cells based on proteomics screening. Of these proteins, 23 are involved in regulation of the host antiviral innate immune response. qPCR was used to validate these proteomics results at the mRNA level, using the 2^−ΔΔCt method and GAPDH as the internal reference gene. * Was used to determine statistically significant differences between groups; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.