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. 2022 Oct 31;14(11):745. doi: 10.3390/toxins14110745

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Competitiveness of the Δpks (A) and Δvea (B) knockout mutants against the mycotoxigenic wild-type (wt) strain A. carbonarius ITEM 5010 on potato dextrose broth (PDB). Competition assays were performed at the 1:0, 10:1, 1:1, 1:10 and 0:1 (wt:Δ) ratios. The expected values for the wt strain are indicated as gray dashed lines. The percentage of each strain was estimated by qPCR. Values are the mean of at least three biological replicates and error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). OTA production during the competition assays of (C) the wt strain vs. the Δpks mutant, and the (D) wt vs. Δvea mutant. Values are normalized based on the OTA production by the wt strain.