Table 1.

Risk of bias presented using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for non-randomized trials (i.e., before-after studies, non-randomized pilot study, and single arm intervention trials).

Question		Lim (2011) [16]	Snel (2012) [43]	Jazet (2008) [44]	Skrha (2005) [45]	Steven & Taylor (2015) [20]	Teeuwisse (2012) [39]
1	Was the study question or objective clearly stated?	√	√	√	√	√	√
2	Were the eligibility/selection criteria for the study population prespecified and clearly described?	√	√	√	√	√	√
3	Were the participants in the study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinical population of interest?	√	√	√	√	√	√
4	Were all eligible participants that met the prespecified entry criteria enrolled?	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
5	Was the sample size sufficiently large to provide confidence in the findings?	√	√	√	✕	✕	√
6	Was the test/service/intervention clearly described and delivered consistently across the study population?	√	√	√	√	√	√
7	Were the outcome measures prespecified, clearly defined, valid, reliable, and assessed consistently across all study participants?	√	√	√	√	√	√
8	Were the people assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants’ exposures/interventions?	√	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
9	Was the loss to follow-up after baseline ≤ 20%? Were those lost to follow-up accounted for in the analysis?	√	O	√	√	√	√
10	Did the statistical methods examine changes in outcome measures form before to after the intervention? Were statistical tests done that provided p values for the pre-to-post changes?	√	√	√	√	√	√
11	Were outcome measures of interest taken multiple times before the intervention and multiple times after the intervention (i.e., did they use an interrupted time-series design)?	✕	✕	✕	✕	✕	✕
12	If the intervention was conducted at a group level (e.g., a whole hospital, a community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of individual-level data to determine the effects at the group level?	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Summary Quality 1		ii	i	i	i	i	i

¹ Quality was rated as ‘0′ for poor (0–3 out of 12 questions); ‘i’ for fair (4–8 out of 12 questions); ‘ii’ for good (9–12 out of 12 questions). √, Yes; ✕, No; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.