Table 3.
Acute (% ARfD) and chronic (% ADI) risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit samples exceeding maximum residue levels using two consumption rates (0.1 kg for chronic risk and 0.2 kg for acute risk) in different population groups.
| Pesticides/Samples | ARfD | Acute Dietary Exposure (%ARfD) | ADI | Chronic Dietary Exposure (%ADI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child A | Teenager B | Adult C | Child A | Teenager B | Adult C | |||
| Vegetables: | ||||||||
| Carrot | ||||||||
| Lufenuron | 0.0150 | 8.80 | 3.77 | 2.20 | 0.015 | 2.76 | 1.18 | 0.69 |
| Cabbage | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.33 | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.12 |
| Cucumber | ||||||||
| Chlorfenapyr | 0.0150 | 3.20 | 1.37 | 0.80 | 0.015 | 1.27 | 0.55 | 0.32 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 13.33 | 5.71 | 3.33 | 0.01 | 3.96 | 1.70 | 0.99 |
| Fenvalerate | 0.0125 | 8.53 | 3.66 | 2.13 | 0.0125 | 3.50 | 1.50 | 0.88 |
| Fipronil | 0.0090 | 1.63 | 0.70 | 0.41 | 0.0002 | 36.67 | 15.71 | 9.17 |
| Imidacloprid | 0.0800 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Methomyl | 0.0025 | 25.60 | 10.97 | 6.40 | 0.0025 | 12.80 | 5.49 | 3.20 |
| Oxamyl | 0.0010 | 22.67 | 9.71 | 5.67 | 0.001 | 11.33 | 4.86 | 2.83 |
| Thiophanate methyl | 0.2000 | 0.67 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.30 | 0.18 |
| Eggplant | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.47 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| Propargite | 0.0600 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Green Beans | ||||||||
| Lufenuron | 0.0150 | 40.27 | 17.26 | 10.07 | 0.015 | 14.59 | 6.25 | 3.65 |
| Green Onion | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 2.53 | 1.09 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.36 | 0.21 |
| Profenofos | 1.0000 | 1.27 | 0.54 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 21.13 | 9.06 | 5.28 |
| Green Peas | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 2.13 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
| Lufenuron | 0.0150 | 8.53 | 3.66 | 2.13 | 0.015 | 3.01 | 1.29 | 0.75 |
| Okra | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.87 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
| Deltamethrin | 0.0100 | 1.47 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| Fenvalerate | 0.0125 | 5.33 | 2.29 | 1.33 | 0.0125 | 1.44 | 0.62 | 0.36 |
| Fipronil | 0.0090 | 3.85 | 1.65 | 0.96 | 0.0002 | 86.67 | 37.14 | 21.67 |
| Propargite | 0.0600 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
| Pepper | ||||||||
| Carbendazim | 0.0200 | 22.00 | 9.43 | 5.50 | 0.02 | 7.76 | 3.32 | 1.94 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 3.20 | 1.37 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 1.60 | 0.69 | 0.40 |
| Dimethoate | 0.0020 | 7.33 | 3.14 | 1.83 | 0.002 | 3.67 | 1.57 | 0.92 |
| Fluazifop-p-butyl | 0.0170 | 7.06 | 3.03 | 1.76 | 0.01 | 5.16 | 2.21 | 1.29 |
| Methomyl | 0.0025 | 32.00 | 13.71 | 8.00 | 0.0025 | 8.53 | 3.66 | 2.13 |
| Profenofos | 1.0000 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.78 | 0.33 | 0.19 |
| Potatoes | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.73 | 0.74 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.39 | 0.23 |
| Lufenuron | 0.0150 | 10.67 | 4.57 | 2.67 | 0.015 | 3.87 | 1.66 | 0.97 |
| Spinach | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.60 | 0.69 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.34 | 0.20 |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0050 | 138.93 | 59.54 | 34.73 | 0.0025 | 115.82 | 49.64 | 28.96 |
| Omethoate | 0.0020 | 8.00 | 3.43 | 2.00 | 0.002 | 4.00 | 1.71 | 1.00 |
| Tomato | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 6.93 | 2.97 | 1.73 | 0.01 | 3.47 | 1.49 | 0.87 |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0050 | 19.20 | 8.23 | 4.80 | 0.0025 | 13.78 | 5.90 | 3.44 |
| Propargite | 0.0600 | 4.87 | 2.09 | 1.22 | 0.03 | 3.38 | 1.45 | 0.84 |
| Thiophanate methyl | 0.2000 | 1.40 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 1.36 | 0.58 | 0.34 |
| Zucchini | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 2.13 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 3.20 | 1.37 | 0.80 |
| Diazenon | 0.0250 | 0.59 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.0002 | 36.67 | 15.71 | 9.17 |
| Fipronil | 0.0090 | 4.89 | 2.10 | 1.22 | 0.0002 | 110.00 | 47.14 | 27.50 |
| Imidacloprid | 0.0800 | 9.02 | 3.86 | 2.25 | 0.06 | 3.56 | 1.53 | 0.89 |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0050 | 18.13 | 7.77 | 4.53 | 0.0025 | 32.27 | 13.83 | 8.07 |
| Thiophanate methyl | 0.2000 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.38 | 0.22 |
| Fruites: | ||||||||
| Apple | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 52.53 | 22.51 | 13.13 | 0.01 | 13.02 | 5.58 | 3.26 |
| Fipronil | 0.0090 | 2.52 | 1.08 | 0.63 | 0.0002 | 56.67 | 24.29 | 14.17 |
| Fluazifop-p-butyl | 0.0170 | 1.25 | 0.54 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
| Imidacloprid | 0.0800 | 1.02 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Propargite | 0.0600 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Apricot | ||||||||
| Buprofezin | 0.5000 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 9.80 | 4.20 | 2.45 |
| Carbendazim | 0.0200 | 22.67 | 9.71 | 5.67 | 0.02 | 7.72 | 3.31 | 1.93 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 41.47 | 17.77 | 10.37 | 0.01 | 12.20 | 5.23 | 3.05 |
| Dimethoate | 0.0020 | 9.33 | 4.00 | 2.33 | 0.002 | 4.67 | 2.00 | 1.17 |
| Imidacloprid | 0.0800 | 0.68 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
| Metamitron | 0.1000 | 2.92 | 1.25 | 0.73 | 0.03 | 2.41 | 1.03 | 0.60 |
| Profenofos | 1.0000 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 3.45 | 1.48 | 0.86 |
| Cantaloupe | ||||||||
| Dates | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.87 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.23 |
| Omethoate | 0.0020 | 35.33 | 15.14 | 8.83 | 0.002 | 17.67 | 7.57 | 4.42 |
| Grapes | ||||||||
| Carbendazim | 0.0200 | 37.93 | 16.26 | 9.48 | 0.02 | 9.23 | 3.96 | 2.31 |
| Chlorfenapyr | 0.0150 | 15.29 | 6.55 | 3.82 | 0.015 | 4.43 | 1.90 | 1.11 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 3.20 | 1.37 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 1.38 | 0.59 | 0.34 |
| Dimethoate | 0.0020 | 72.00 | 30.86 | 18.00 | 0.002 | 24.44 | 10.48 | 6.11 |
| Omethoate | 0.0020 | 29.33 | 12.57 | 7.33 | 0.002 | 9.33 | 4.00 | 2.33 |
| Thiacloprid | 0.0200 | 20.00 | 8.57 | 5.00 | 0.01 | 11.16 | 4.78 | 2.79 |
| Thiophanate methyl | 0.2000 | 4.23 | 1.81 | 1.06 | 0.08 | 3.07 | 1.31 | 0.77 |
| Guava | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 2.40 | 1.03 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 1.20 | 0.51 | 0.30 |
| Fipronil | 0.0090 | 2.52 | 1.08 | 0.63 | 0.0002 | 56.67 | 24.29 | 14.17 |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0050 | 6.40 | 2.74 | 1.60 | 0.0025 | 4.62 | 1.98 | 1.16 |
| Methomyl | 0.0025 | 66.13 | 28.34 | 16.53 | 0.0025 | 33.07 | 14.17 | 8.27 |
| Kaki | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 16.40 | 7.03 | 4.10 | 0.01 | 8.20 | 3.51 | 2.05 |
| Dimethoate | 0.0020 | 660.00 | 282.86 | 165.00 | 0.002 | 258.33 | 110.71 | 64.58 |
| Fluazifop-p-butyl | 0.0170 | 2.04 | 0.87 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 1.73 | 0.74 | 0.43 |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 0.0050 | 33.60 | 14.40 | 8.40 | 0.0025 | 23.02 | 9.87 | 5.76 |
| Mango | ||||||||
| 2 phenylphenol | 0.4000 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Chlorfenapyr | 0.0150 | 1.87 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 0.015 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.23 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.60 | 0.69 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.34 | 0.20 |
| Orange | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 1.47 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| Strawberry | ||||||||
| Carbendazim | 0.0200 | 17.93 | 7.69 | 4.48 | 0.02 | 5.01 | 2.15 | 1.25 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0100 | 40.13 | 17.20 | 10.03 | 0.01 | 12.89 | 5.52 | 3.22 |
| Omethoate | 0.0020 | 661.33 | 283.43 | 165.33 | 0.002 | 191.67 | 82.14 | 47.92 |
| Thiophanate methyl | 0.2000 | 2.07 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 0.08 | 1.60 | 0.68 | 0.40 |
Acute risk (% ARfD) and Chrinic risk (% ADI) were calculated with data of ARfD and ADI from European Commision pesticide residue database. Values of ADI were used when ARfD values were missing with pesticides lufenuron, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, dimethoate, omethoate, and 2-phenylphenol. The weight of different population groups used is (A) children (15 kg), (B) teenagers (35 kg), and (C) adults (60 kg).