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. 2022 Nov 18;23(22):14349. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214349

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Treg and adhesion molecule induction by 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs. (A) Enhancement of CD4⁺ CD25^high FOXP3⁺ Tregs cells by 2D-MSCs. (B) Gating strategy for analysis of CD25^hiFOXP3⁺ population in CD4 cells. (C) Reduction of CD8⁺CD28⁻ Treg cells in PBMCs co-cultured with 3D-MSCs. (D) Gating strategy for analysis of CD8⁺CD28⁻ population in CD3⁺ cells. (E) Levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the inflammatory medium produced by PHA-activated PBMCs. (F,G) VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression on 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs cultured in non-inflammatory conditions. (H,I) VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression on 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs cultured in inflammatory medium. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.