Table 2.
The pharmacological activities and action mechanisms of PPS in the models of various metabolic diseases.
| PPS | Dosage | Model | Effect | Mechanism | Diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APs | 60 mg/kg | MCAO male Wister rats (in vivo) | Regulating immunity, resisting tumor, protecting liver, and nourishing stomach | Inhibiting aoptosis | Cerebral ischemia [129] |
| 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml 100 mg/g |
Palmitate-induced HIT-T15 cells (in vitro) db/db mice (in vivo) |
Regulating ER stress, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, reducing blood sugar | Inhibiting PERK and IRE1 pathways, inhibiting ROS generation | T2DM [7] | |
| ASPs | 50 mg/kg | Hippocampus was injected with Aß25 - 35 rats (in vivo) | Inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis | Activating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway | AD [8] |
| 400 and 600 mg/kg | STZ-induced diabetic BALB/c mice (in vivo) | Inhibiting TNF-α, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression, inhibiting SOD and CAT activity, decreasing MDA content, inhibiting caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 expression | Activating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway | T2DM [35] | |
| PPs | 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg | STZ-induced rats (in vivo) | Reducing FBG, IR and blood lipid TC, TG and LDL levels, improving blood glucose | T2DM [133] | |
| 95% (w/w) HF diet plus 5% (w/w) PP | Male Sprague Dawley rats (in vivo) | Reducing TG, TC, and plasma LDL-C, increasing the levels of fecal fat, cholesterol, and plasma HDL-C | Increasing the binding capacity of fat and cholesterol | Obesity [134] | |
| LBPs | 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg | STZ induced diabetic rat (in vivo) | Reducing the concentration of albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α, serum levels of MCP-1 and ICAM-1, increasing SOD and GSH Px activity | Inhibiting the NF-κB pathway | T2DM [137] |
| 0.2% LBPs water | HFD mice (in vivo) | Reducing TG, TC and LDL-C levels, increasing HDL-C and SCFA | Improving IR and fatty acid oxidation, activating the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase CoA carboxylase pathway | Obesity [138] | |
| GPs | 50 and 200 mg/kg | C57BL/6 anxiety mice (in vivo) | Increasing the walking distance and staying time in the central area of the mice, decreasing the average speed of mice |
Reducing the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the midbrain and dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) | Anxiety [140] |
| 0.2, 0.5 and 1 g/kg | High-sugar diet and STZ -induced rats (in vivo) | Reducing FBG, restoring disturbed intestinal flora, enhancing β- d-glucosidase, enhancing the hypoglycemic effect of ginsenoside Rdb1 | Changing the biotransformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb1, improving the biotransformation rate of ginsenoside Rb1 to CK | T2DM [141] | |
| SCPs | 200 mg/kg | CFS rats (in vivo) | Increasing food intake and body weight, improving the memory deficit |
Promoting the recovery of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism pathway and alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism pathway | CFS [142] |
| 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg | STZ -induced rats (in vivo) | Reducing FBG, increasing fasting insulin level, improving glucose tolerance, and inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines | Downregulating NF- κ B and P-JNK signaling pathways, upregulating the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | T2DM [143] | |
| 100 mg kg | High-fat diet-induced male Wistar rats (in vivo) | Reducing AST, ALT, TG, TC, and LDL-C, increasing HDL-C | Regulating UGP2, UGDH, ACC and FAS expression | NASH [144] | |
| OPs | alloxan diabetic rats (in vivo) | Reducing blood glucose, increasing insulin secretion, and improving the function of pancreatic β-cells | Reducing lipid peroxide and eliminating free radicals | Diabetes [146] | |
| 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg | Dexamethasone-induced IR glucose/lipid metabolism diabetic mice)(in vivo) | Reducing blood sugar | T2DM [147] | ||
| PCPs | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg | ApoE−/− mice (in vivo) | Reduced serum TNF-α, IL-6, NO, LDL-C, TG and TC levels, decreasing MDA, and increasing SOD | Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway | AS [9] |
| 3 g/day | High-fat diet-induced NAFLD mice (in vivo) | Increasing the lipid utilization, decreasing the lipid synthesis and absorption | Regulating fatty acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle | NAFLD [148] | |
| TPs | 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg | STZ-induced T2DM rats (in vivo) | Reducing intestinal flora | Regulating primary and secondary bile acid biosynthesis, downregulating the OD-like receptor signaling pathway | T2DM [149] |
| 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg | Formalin test and several behavioral animal models (in vivo) | Resisting anxiety, pain, anxiety | Anxiety [150] |