Table 1.
Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on NDs.
| Mechanism | Source (Latin Name) | Polysaccharide | Molecular Weight (kDa) | Monosaccharide Composition | Cell Lines/Model | Type of NDs | Potential Mechanism | Year/References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-oxidant activities | Inonotus obliquus | IOPS | 111.9 | / | L-Glu damaged HT22 cells; APP/PS1 mice | AD | Regulating Nrf2 signaling and exerting antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects | 2019 [61] |
| IOP | / | / | Tacrine-induced HepG2 cells | AD | Inhibition of ROS generation, 8-OHdG formation in mitochondrial DNA, and loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decrease in the cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-3 | 2019 [90] |
||
| Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | 15.0 | / | APP/PS1 mice | AD | Reduce Aβ deposits, increase protein levels of p-FGFR1, p-ERK and p-Akt, potentiate FGFR pathways | 2017 [63] |
|
| GLA | / | Gal and Glc (1.0:8.3) | Aβ25-35- or Aβ42-exposed rat primary cortical neurons | AD | Antagonize Aβ peptide neurotoxicity, inhibit JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK pathways | 2008 [64] |
||
| GLP | / | / | Kainic acid-treated Wistar rats | Epilepsy | Inhibit calcium overloading and ERK1/2 and NF-κB expression; stimulate CaMK II α and Cav-1 expression | 2015 [65] |
||
| Ganoderma atrum | PSG-1 | 1013 | Man, Gal and Glc (1:1.28:4.91) | D-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Aging | Decrease MDA and GSSG levels, increase SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH activities in liver, brain and spleen | 2012 [56] |
|
| Dictyophora indusiata | DiPS | / | Man, Fuc, Glc, Gal, Rha, Glc-UA and Xyl (86.8:4.5:3.9:1.6:1.2:1.1:0.9) | Caenorhabditis elegans | NDs | Decrease ROS and MDA levels, increase SOD activity, restore MMP and ATP content, regulate DAF-16/FOXO pathways | 2016 [26] |
|
| Pleurotus ostreatus | POP | / | / | D-Gal and AlCl3-treated Wistar rats | AD | Decrease MDA content, increase SOD, GPx and CAT activities in hippocampus, liver and serum | 2016 [57] |
|
| Tricholoma lobayense | TLH-3 | 4.23 | Rha, Man, Glc-UA, Gal-UA, Glc, Gal and Ara (0.07:0.23:0.02:0.02:1.57:1:0.11) | t-BHP-exposed HELF cells; D-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Aging | Decrease ROS level and inhibit oxidative damage induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide in HELF cells; decrease MDA content and increase SOD and CAT activities in mouse liver and serum | 2016 [55] |
|
| Auricularia auricula-judae | APP1-a | 206 | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc and Gal (0.2:2.6:0.4:3.6:1.0:0.4) | D-Gal-treated Kunming mice | Aging | Decrease MDA content, increase SOD and GPx activities in liver, serum and heart | 2011 [58] |
|
| Amanita caesarea | ACPS | 18.62 | Xyl, Man, Gal and Glc | L-Glu exposed HT22 cells; D-Gal and AlCl3-treated balb/c mice | AD | Modulate Nrf2 pathways | 2019 [60] |
|
| Flammulina velutipes | FVP | / | Man, Rib, Glc, Gal and Xyl (4.07:4.54:3.07:1:2.21) | D-Gal induced Wistar rats | AD | Increase SOD, CAT and GPx levels, decrease MDA levels; anti-apoptosis | 2018 [59] |
|
| Cantharellus cibarius | CC2a CC3 |
/ | CC2a (Fuc, GlcN, Gal, Glc, Man) CC3 (Glc, Man, Rib) |
Human undifferentiated neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y | NDs | Shown antioxidant capacity, effectively neutralize the negative changes induced by activators of glutamatergic system (glutamate, NMDA, AMPA) |
2018 [32] |
|
| Anti-amyloidogenic effects | Pleurotus ostreatus | POP | / | / | D-Gal and Al-treated Wistar rats | AD | Decrease Aβ peptide formation and tau phosphorylation by elevating the expression of PP2A and by reducing the expression of APP, BACE1 and GSK3β | 2016 [57] |
| Anti-neuroinflammation | Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | 15 | / | BV2 microglia and primary mouse microglia; zebrafish | AD | Decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions in BV-2 and primary microglia; attenuate microglial migration, morphological alterations and phagocytosis probabilities | 2017 [71] |
| Antrodia camphorata | APC | / | / | 6-hydroxydopamine treated C57BL/6J mice | PD | Reduce the activation of NLRP3 and the expression of related inflammatory factors | 2019 [72] |
|
| APC | / | / | Dopaminergic neuron cell line MES23.5; 6-hydroxydopamine treated mice | PD | Inhibit ROS-NLRP3 signaling | 2020 [73] |
||
| Amanita caesarea | ACPS2 | 16.6 | Gal, Glc and Man (35.40: 31.77: 29.47) | APP/PS1 mice | AD | Reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in brains, decrease serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β, regulate neuroinflammation by regulating Nrf2 signaling and inhibiting NF-κB activation | 2021 [91] |
|
| Anticholinesterase activities | Hericium erinaceus | HE | / | / | L-Glu-exposed PC12 cells; AlCl3 and D-Gal-treated balb/c mice |
AD | Enhance the Ach and ChAT concentrations in mouse serum and hypothalamus | 2016 [87] |
| Flammulina velutipes | FVP | / | / | Scopolamine-treated Wistar rats | Cognitive impairment | Elevate the expression of CaMK II and connexin 36, and then regulated the activities of ChAT and AChE to normalize the level of ACh | 2015 [92] |
|
| Armillaria mellea | AMPS | / | / | L-Glu induced HT22 cell; AlCl3 and D-Gal-treated balb/c mice | AD | Increase Ach and ChAT concentrations, decrease AchE concentrations in serum and hypothalamus of mice | 2017 [83] |
|
| Amanita caesarea | ACPS | 18.62 | Xyl, Man, Gal and Glc | L-Glu exposed HT22 cells; D-Gal and AlCl3-treated balb/c mice | AD | Decrease AchE levels, increase Ach and chAT levels, improve cholinergic neurotransmission | 2019 [60] |
|
| Anti-apoptotic activities | Pleurotus eryngii | PEP | / | / | PC12 Cells induced by β-Amyloid; aging rats | Aging | Decrease intracellular calcium levels, and attenuated the β-amyloid-mediated cell apoptosis in PC12 cells; decrease iNOS, and COX-2 levels in aging rats | 2020 [93] |
| Armillaria mellea | AMPS | / | / | L-Glu induced HT22 cell; AlCl3 and D-Gal-treated balb/c mice | AD | enhanced cell viability, suppressed nuclear apoptosis, inhibited intracellular ROS accumulation, prevented caspase-3 activation, and restored MMP | 2017 [83] |
|
| Tremella fuciformis | TL04 | 2033 | Rha, Man and Glc (1:5.04:1.87) | Glu-induced differentiated PC12 cells | NDs | Enhance Bcl-2 levels, suppress Bax expression and cytochrome c release, decrease activities of caspase-3 caspase-8, caspase-9 | 2016 [84] |
|
| Amauroderma rugosum | AR | / | / | PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells induced by 6-OHDA | Neurotoxicity | Upregulate the expressions of proapoptotic proteins and downregulate the Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK dependent pathways | 2021 [85] |
|
| Morchella importuna | MIP | H2O2-induced PC12 cells | NDs | Inhibit cell apoptosis via down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway and the p38-JNK pathway and activating of the ERK | 2016 [94] |
|||
| Anti-neurotoxicity activities | Hericium erinaceus | HE | / | / | L-Glu induced PC12 Cells; AlCl3 and D-Gal-treated balb/c mice | AD | Increase cell survival, induce cell differentiation, block intracellular Ca2+ overload, inhibit ROS production and prevent MMP depolarization in L-Glu induced HT22 cell apoptosis model; reduce the apoptosis rate, Aβ deposition, oxidative damage, and p-Tau aggregations in the hippocampus of AD mouse | 2016 [87] |