Table 3.

Viral vectors and their advantages and disadvantages.

Virus Vectors	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Retroviral-vector-based vaccines	Stable integration into the host genome; high gene transduction efficiency	Once infected, the likelihood of eliminating the virus is low	[86]
Herpes simplex virus vector vaccine	Enhances cellular and humoral immunity; Induces lasting immune response.	High cytotoxicity	[75,88,89]
Adenovirus vector vaccine	Induces moderate innate immunity; high thermal stability	Cause acute hepatotoxicity	[90,91,92]
Lentiviral vector vaccine	Induces durable humoral immunity	Insertional mutagenesis; yields low viral titers; easily degradable	[93,94]