Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies, interventions, and participating patient populations.
| Author (Year) | Intervention | Country | Sample | Mean/Median Age | Disease Duration | Women (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga | ||||||
| Haslock (1994) [14] | Yoga | UK | N = 20 | 55 years | 17 years | 85% |
| Dash (2001) [15] | Yoga | India | N = 40 | 33 years | NA | 50% |
| Badsha (2009) [16] | Yoga | UAE | N = 47 | 45 years | 73 months | NA |
| Bosch. (2009) [17] | Yoga | USA | N = 16 | 61 years | 19 years | 100% |
| Evans (2010) [18] | Iyengar Yoga | USA | N = 5 | 28 years | NA | 80% |
| Singh (2011) [19] | Yogic package (incl. meditation) | India | N = 80 | 35 years | 12 months | 70% |
| Telles. (2011) [20] | Yoga | India | N = 64 | 47 years | NA | 73% |
| Evans. (2013) [21] | Iyengar Yoga | USA | N = 30 | 28 | NA | 80% |
| Ward (2018) [9] | Yoga | New Zealand | N = 26 | 54y | 12 | 96% |
| Greysen (2019) [22] | Yoga | USA | N = 398 | 62y | 25 | 88% |
| Gautam (2020) [23] | Yoga-based lifestyle | India | N = 66 | 44 | NA | 80% |
| Ganesan (2020) [10] | Yoga | India | N = 166 | 42 | NA | 92% |
| Gautam (2021) [24] | Yoga | India | N = 70 | 45 | 6 | 80% |
| Puksic (2021) [25] | Yoga | Croatia | N = 57 | 55 | 8 | 95% |
| Mindfulness | ||||||
| Pradhan (2007) [6] | MBSR | USA | N = 63 | 54 | 9 | 87% |
| Zautra (2008) [26] | MERT | USA | N = 144 | 54 | 13 | 68% |
| Davis (2015) [27] | MAAT | USA | N = 143 | 54 | NA | 69% |
| Fogarty (2015) [28] | MBSR | New Zealand | N = 42 | 54 | 11 | 88% |
| Dalili (2019) [29] | MBCT | Iran | N = 28 | NA | NA | NA |
| Fogarty (2019) [30] | MBSR | New Zealand | N = 51 | 54 | 11 | 88% |
| Meditation | ||||||
| Bagheri-Nesami (2006) [31] | Benson Relaxation | Iran | N = 50 | 49 | 6 | 96% |
| Barsky (2010) [32] | Relaxation Response (PMR) | USA | N = 168 | 53 | 13 | 87% |
| Yazdani (2017) [33] | PMR | Iran | N = 62 | NA | NA | NA |
N, number of patients; NA, not available; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; PMR, progressive muscle relaxation; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; MAAT, mindful awareness and acceptance treatment.