| AMPK | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MMP | mitochondrial membrane potential |
| PARP | poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase |
| SCC | squamous cell carcinoma |
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