Table 1.

Strategies and ongoing preclinical studies targeting the mTOR pathway.

Strategy	Model	Reference	Main Findings
Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris FC-fermented milk	Aged mouse	Aoi et al., 2022 [85]	Increase in mTOR phosphorylation and MPS
LRS-UNE-L peptide	C2C12 cells and aged mouse	Baek et al., 2022 [97]	Stimulation of mTORC1 axis and enhanced muscle fiber regeneration
Clinical trial on testosterone + resistance exercise	Men (65–75 years)	Gharahdaghi et al., 2019 [95]	Upregulation of mTOR signaling and increase in muscle mass and function
Collagen hydrolysate tripeptides (CTP)	Aged mouse	Kim et al., 2022 [96]	Stimulation of mTOR signaling and increase in muscle mass
Chrysanthemum extracts (CME)	Aged rat and mouse	Kwon et al., 2021 [100]	Increase in mTOR phosphorylation and amelioration of muscle mass and function
Rimonabant	C2C12 cells	Le Bacquer et al., 2021 [99]	Increase in mTOR phosphorylation and MPS
Magnesium	C2C12 cells and aged mouse	Liu et al., 2021 [84]	Increase in mTOR phosphorylation, enhanced muscle regeneration, preservation of muscle mass and strength
Fish proteins	Young rat	Morisasa et al., 2022 [83]	Promotion of muscle hypertrophy via AKT–mTOR signaling
Calorie restriction	Aged rat	Chen et al., 2019 [86]	Decrease in mTOR content/phosphorylation and preservation of muscle mass
Root of Maca	C2C12 cells	Yi et al., 2022 [98]	Promotion of muscle hypertrophy via AKT–mTOR signaling
Resistance exercise	Aged rat	Zeng et al., 2020 [82]	Decrease of mTOR signaling, stimulation of autophagy, preservation of muscle mass and function