Table 1.

TBCI prevalence in wildlife and ticks.

Host	Region	Host Species	Co-Infections	Prevalence (%)	Ref.
Small rodents	US	P. leucopus; M. pennsylvanicus	Bm + Bb	35.7	[15]
		P. leucopus		9.4	[58]
				12	[59]
			Bm + Ap	<1	[59]
				1	[58]
			Bb + Ap	22.5	[58]
				1	[59]
			Bb + Ech	2	[59]
			Ap + Ech	<1	[59]
			Bm + Bb + Ap	12.8	[58]
				6	[59]
			Bm + Bb + Ech	2	[59]
			Bb + Ap + Ech	<1	[59]
			Bm + Bb + Ap + Ech	2	[59]
	Europe	Myodes glareolus	Ba + CNm	42	[60]
		Apodemus flavicollis	Bb + Bmiy	9.3	[61]
		Apodemus spp.	Rs + Bl/Bv	2	[62]
Meso mammals	Europe	Canis lupus (grey woof)	Ap + Hc	<1	[63]
		Vulpes vulpes (red fox)	Babesia spp. + Hc	17.6	[64]
Ungulates (Large mammals)	Mexico	Bison bison (American Bison)	Bbov + Bb	7.6	[65]
	Europe	Capreolus capreolus (roe deer)	Babesia spp. + Ap	88.4	[66]
				79.9	[67]
				18.92	[68]
		Cervus elaphus (red deer)		1.9	[69]
				62.2	[67]
Vector		Vector species
Questing ticks	US	I. scapularis	Bm + Bb	6.68	[70]
				4.2	[71]
			Bb + Ap	2.47	[70]
				1.8	[71]
			Bm + Ap	<1	[70]
			Bm + Bmiy	<1	[71]
			Bb + Bmiy	1.5	[71]
			Bm + Bb + Ap	<1	[71]
			Bm + Bb + Bmiy	<1	[71]
	Canada	I. scapularis	Babesia spp. + Bb	1.15	[72]
	Europe	I. ricinus	Babesia spp. + Ap	<1	[66]
			Babesia spp. + Rickettsia spp.	1.5	[66]
			Ap + Rickettsia spp.	1.5	[66]
Engorged ticks (Collected from birds, rodents, meso mammals and ungulates)	US	I. scapularis	Bm + Bb	<1, 12.69	[70]
				<1	[71]
			Bm + Ap	<1	[70]
				2.6	[71]
			Bb + Ap	9.9	[71]
				<1, 3.5	[70]
			Bb + Bmiy	<1	[71]
			Bmiy + Ap	1.4	[71]
			Bm + Bb + Ap	1.7	[71]
			Bb + Ap + Bmiy	<1	[71]
			Bm + Bb + Bmiy + Ap	<1	[71]
	Canada	Ixodes spp. and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris	Babesia spp. + Bb	2.2	[72]
	Europe	I. ricinus	Babesia spp. + Ap	6.3	[66]
			Babesia spp. + Rickettsia spp.	1.5	[66]
			Ap + Rickettsia spp.	15.1	[66]
			Ap + Theileria spp.	<1	[28]
			Ap + Hepatozoon spp.	<1	[28]
			Borrelia spp. + Ap + Rh + Theileria spp.	<1	[28]
			Bbav/Bg + Ap	<1	[28]
			Ba/Bv + Rickettsia spp.	<1	[28]
			Bmiy + Ap	<1	[28]
		Ixodes spp.	Ap + Rh	9.9	[28]
			Bg + Ap	3.1	[28]
			Borrelia spp. + Ap + Rickettsia spp.	18.9	[28]
			Bbav/Bg + Ap + Nm	<1	[28]
		Ixodes spp. and Haemaphysalis	Ba + Ap	9	[28]
		Punctata	Ap + Rm	3.1	[28]
		Hyalomma marginatum	Prp + Ehrlichia spp.	12.19	[73]
		marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa	Ehrlichia spp. + Ap	9.75, 12.76	[73]
		and Dermacentor marginatus	Ehrlichia spp. + Am	4.88	[73]
			Ehrlichia spp. + Ap + Am	4.88, 6.38	[73]
			Prp + Ehrlichia spp. + Ap + Am	7.32	[73]

Abbreviations: Bb, Borrelia burgdorferi; Bmiy, Borrelia miyamotoi; Bg, Borrelia garinii; Bv, Borrelia valaisiana; Ba, Borrelia afzelii; Bbav, Borrelia bavariensis; Bl, Borrelia lusitaniae; Bm, Babesia microti; Bd, Babesia divergens; Bbov, Babesia bovis; Ap, Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Am, Anaplasma marginale; Rh, Rickettsia helvetica; Rm, Rickettsia monacensis; Rs, Rickettsia slovaca; Ech, Ehrlichia chaffeensis; Hc, Hepatozoon canis; Nm, Neoehrlichia mikurensis; CNm, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis; Prp, Piroplasma. See Supplementary Table S1: data table adapted from Borsan et al., 2021 [28].