Table 1.

Selected abbreviated prehospital stroke scales [16,18,22,23].

Scale	Rating System	Sensitivity/Specificity	Considerations/Cut-Off Value
3-Item Stroke Scale (3I-SS)	Level of consciousness (0–2) Gaze and head deviation (0–2) Hemiparesis (0–2)	67%/92%	Large vessel occlusion stroke recognition ≥4
Austrian Prehospital Stroke Scale (APSS)	Facial weakness (0–1) Arm weakness (0–2) Speech (0–2) Leg weakness (0–2) Gaze deviation (0 or 2)	64%/86%	Large vessel occlusion stroke recognition ≥4
Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS)	Gaze (2) Arm weakness (1) Level of consciousness (1)	89%/73%	Severe stroke recognition N/A
Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED)	Facial weakness (0–1) Arm weakness (0–2) Speech changes (0–2) Eye deviation (0–2) Anosognosia/neglect (0–2)	61%/89%	Large vessel occlusion stroke recognition >4
Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)	(1)Age > 45 years; (2)Seizure/epilepsy history is absent; (3)Symptom duration <24 h; (4)The patient is not a full-time wheelchair user or bedridden; (5)The blood glucose is between 60 and 400 mg/dL; (6)A unilateral deficit is present in one of the three items (arm drift, hand grip, or face).	91%/97%	“In-the-field” stroke diagnosis N/A
Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE)	Aphasia/agnosia (0–2) Facial weakness (0–2) Arm or leg weakness (0–2) Leg weakness (0–2) Gaze–eye deviation (0–1)	85%/68%	Large vessel occlusion stroke recognition ≥5
Shortened NIHSS for EMS (sNIHSS-EMS)	Level of consciousness (0–3) Facial weakness (0–3) Left motor arm (0–4) Right motor arm (0–4) Left motor leg (0–4) Right motor leg (0–4) Sensory (0–2) Best language (0–3) Dysarthria (0–2)	70%/81%	Large vessel occlusion stroke recognition ≥6