Table 1.

Animals (in alphabetical order) implicated in zooanthroponotic SARS-CoV-2 transmission and transmission importance.

Animals Involved	Extent ** of Transmission	Secondary Spillover *	Scientific and/or Common Names *** of the Species/Subspecies Reported—Comments
Anteater	+		[Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Giant anteater] Single case of an injured individual found RT-PCR positive in Brazil [12].
Armadillo	++		[Chaetophractus villosus, Big hairy armadillo] Numerous positive individuals in Argentina, moreover, with variants of concern that have long ceased to circulate in humans [13].
Badger	+		[Meles meles] Antibodies positive in two out of ten individuals in France, randomly sampled [14].
Beaver	+		[Castor fiber, Eurasian beaver] Seven individuals reported as infected from workers in a beaver-breeding facility in Mongolia [15].
Binturong	+		[Arctictis binturong] An asymptomatic case and a symptomatic case in the Illinois zoo outbreak [16].
Camels	+		High antibody positivity (71%) in a study from Kenya [17].
Cats	+++	+	[Domestic cat] Epidemiology extensively studied in household, stray, and shelter animals; recently reviewed [18]; see also the relevant chapter “what our pets taught us”.
Cattle	+		A total of 11 out of 1000 seropositive animals in Germany, 14 out of 24 in Italy, considered as random events [19,20].
Coati	+		[Nasua nasua, White-nosed coati] Two asymptomatic cases in the Illinois zoo outbreak [16]. [South American coati] Two out of forty-four randomly sampled RNA-positive in Brazil [21].
Deer	++++	+?	[Odocoileus virginianus, White-tailed deer] SARS-CoV-2 is prevalent in this deer species in North America; see relevant chapter “what the deer taught us”. [Odocoileus hemionus, Mule deer] One isolated case in Utah [22].
Dog	++	+?	See relevant chapter “what our pets taught us”.
Ferret	++		[Mustela putorius furo, Pet/Domestic ferret] Multiple animals positive in Spain [23]; case report of human to animal transmission also from Slovenia [24] and the US [21].
Fishing cat	+		[Prionailurus viverrinus] A symptomatic case in the Illinois zoo outbreak [16].
Fox	+		[Vulpes vulpes} A case in red foxduring surveillance testing in Switzerland [25]
Gorilla	++		[Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Western lowland gorilla] Captive animal clusters reported from US and the Czech Republic. Initially, at a San Diego zoo [26], then, at least four cases in a Georgia zoo (although 18 out of 20 animals were symptomatic) [27], and five cases in a population of eight, infected from a zoo keeper and subsequently transmitted from animal to animal, in the Prague Zoological Garden [28]. Another cluster of cases has recently been reported from a Spanish zoo [29].
Hamster	+++	+	[Mesocricetus auratus, Golden Syrian hamsters] See relevant chapter “what the rodents taught us”, on spillback and international secondary spillover event. Experimentally, extremely prone to infection [30].
Hippopotamus	+		Two cases with mild symptoms in the Royal Zoo of Antwerp, Belgium [31].
Hyena	+		[Crocuta crocuta, Spotted hyena] Two cases in Colorado zoo [32].
Leopard	+		[Panthera bengalensis euptilurus, Amur leopard cat] in the Prague zoo outbreak [28]. [Panthera uncia, Snow leopard] Early (2020) zoo cluster of three individuals in Kentucky [33]; individuals infected in the Illinois zoo outbreak [16]. [Panthera pardus fusca, Indian leopard] Single fatal case reported [34].
Lion	+	+?	[Panthera leo, African lion] Numerous zoo clusters, including the first zoo SARS-CoV-2 incident, in Bronx [35]; other clusters in a Johannesburg zoo [36] and a Barcelona zoo [Panthera leo bleyenberghi, Southwest African Lion] [37]. [Panthera leo persica, Asiatic lion] Clusters in at least three Indian zoo facilities [38,39]. [Unspecified lion] in a Singapore zoo [32].
Lynx	+		[Lynx canadensis, Canadian lynx] A single zoo case in Pittsburgh. [Felix lynx, Eurasian lynx] A single zoo case in Zagreb, Croatia [40].
Manatee	+		[Trichechus manatus manatus, Antillean manatee] Animals were sampled in a conservation facility in Brazil; two out of nineteen individuals positive [41].
Mandrill	+		A single case in a US zoo, mild symptoms [41].
Marmoset	+		[Mico melanurus, Black-tailed marmoset] A single Brazilian case report for a free-ranging animal, the first in a New World monkey [42].
Marten	+		[Martes martes, European pine marten] Antibodies positive in three out of fourteen individuals in France, randomly sampled [14].
Mink	++++	+	[Neovison vison, American mink] See relevant chapter “what the mink taught us”.
Monkey	+		[Common squirrel monkey] A single case in a US zoo [43].
Otter	+		[Aonyx cinereus, Asian small-clawed otter] Outbreak reported in an aquarium in Georgia, US [44]. [Lutra lutra, Eurasian river otter] Single case report in Spain [45].
Puma	+		Two reports in a South African zoo, in different time periods [36].
Rabbits	+?		Limited antibody positivity in a study of 144 pet rabbits (two positives) [46].
Tiger	++	+?	[Panthera tigris] Numerous captive tiger zoo clusters, in Bronx zoo [35]. [Panthera tigris jacksoni, Malayan tiger] One cluster in Bronx zoo [34]; reports also in Tennessee and Virginia [47,48]. [Panthera tigris altaica, Amur tiger] One cluster in Bronx zoo [35]. [Panthera tigris sumatrae, Sumatran tiger] Two cases in a Jakarta zoo, Indonesia [49], one case in the Prague zoo outbreak [28].

* See text for details of secondary animal to human transmission for each animal implicated. ** Extent of transmission rating: + isolated case reports, ++ several case reports or small clusters, +++ several transmission reports with potential for secondary generation spillover or extended intraspecies transmission, ++++ documented extended intraspecies transmission and/or secondary generation spillover. *** Names of animals are as given in the associated literature sources.