. 2022 Nov 15;23(22):14084. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214084

Table 1.

Selected examples of biomolecules used in the synthesis of various metal-containing NPs.

Species of Fungus	NP Type	Size (nm)	Biomolecule	Biomolecule’s Role	Source
Aspergillus flavus	TiO₂	62 to 74	Fungal proteins, amino acids	surface capping	[192]
Aspergillus niger	Ag	20	nitrate reductase and anthraquinones	precursor reduction and NP formation	[205]
Aspergillus niger	Ag	20	fungal proteins	surface capping	[205]
Aspergillus terreus	Co₃O₄ CuO Fe₃O₄ NiO ZnO	5 to 15 10 to 30 20 to 40 20 to 60 20 to 50	fungal proteins	precursor reduction and NP formation surface capping	[28]
Cs-HK1 fungus	Ag	10 to 30	exopolysaccharides	precursor reduction and NP formation	[206]
Cs-HK1 fungus	Ag	10 to 30	exopolysaccharides	surface capping	[206]
Fusarium oxysporum	Fe₃O₄	20 to 50	20–30 kDa fungal proteins	hydrolysis of NP precursors	[207]
Fusarium oxysporum	CdSe	9 to 15	nitrate reductase protein/peptide	precursor reduction surface capping	[208]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Au	10 to 100	laccase	extracellular formation	[209]
			ligninase	intracellular formation
			fungal proteins	surface capping
	Pd	10 to 14	chitin, fungal proteins	precursor reduction, NP formation, and surface capping	[191]
Rhodosporidium diobovatum	PbS	2 to 5	peptides like phytochelatin	surface capping	[168]
Rhodosporidium diobovatum	PbS	2 to 5	phytochelatinspurine biosynthesis pathway enzymes	intracellular formation	[168]
Trichoderma sp.	PbSe	10 to 30	fungal proteinsreductase	Se reductionsurface cappingPbSe formation	[190]
Volvariella volvacea	Ag	15	fungal proteins	reducing agents	[210]
	Au	20 to 150		surface capping
	Ag-Au	5 to 100		surface capping