Table 2.
List of risk factors of C. auris infections based on some published studies from Asia (1996–2021).
| Region | Duration of Data/ Sample Collection |
Total Number of Patients (No of Candidemia Patients) |
Mortality (%) | Risk Factors | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea | 1996, 2009 | 3 (3) | 66.67 | Presence of CVC, prior antibiotics exposure, surgery, ICU admission, indwelling urinary catheter | [13] |
| Japan | 2009 | 1 (0) | 0 | History of chronic otitis media and type 1 diabetes mellitus |
[6] |
| India | 2009–2011 | 12 (12) | 50 | Indwelling urinary catheter, prior antimicrobial drug exposure, presence of CVC, ICU admission, cancer chemotherapy, HIV, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease |
[37] |
| India | 2011–2012 | 74 (74) | 5.3 | Prolonged ICU stay, underlying respiratory illness, vascular surgery, prior antifungal exposure |
[38] |
| India | 2011–2013 | 12 (7) | 33.3 | Usage of urinary catheter, prior antibiotics exposure, surgery, ICU admission | [39] |
| China | 2011–2017 | 15 (1) | NR | Diarrhea, prior antibiotics exposure | [16] |
| Singapore | 2012–2017 | 3 (2) | 33.33 | Underlying medical conditions, ICU admission, prior antifungal exposure |
[31] |
| India | 2013 | 1 (0) | 100 | Underlying medical conditions, prior antibiotics exposure |
[40] |
| Kuwait | 2014 | 1 (1) | 100 | ICU admission, prior antimicrobial drug exposure |
[24] |
| Pakistan | 2014–2015 | 30 (14) | 53.3 | Surgery, chronic kidney disease, ICU admission, urinary catheter, presence of CVC |
[42] |
| Pakistan | 2014–2017 | 92 (38) | 42.4 | Surgery, prior antibiotics exposure, ICU admission |
[43] |
| Kuwait | 2014–2017 | 56 (13) | NR | ICU admission, underlying medical conditions, prolonged hospital stay |
[44] |
| Oman | 2016–2017 | 5 (5) | 60 | ICU admission, presence of CVC, prior antibiotic therapy |
[25] |
| Oman | 2016-2017 | 2 (2) | 50 | ICU admission, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, presence of CVC | [26] |
| Kuwait | 2016–2018 | 18 (7) | 55.6 | Underlying medical conditions, surgery, prior antifungal exposure, indwelling urinary catheter |
[46] |
| Japan | 2017 | 1 (0) | 0 | Underlying medical conditions | [49] |
| Israel | 2017 | 2 (0) | NR | Presence of CVC | [50] |
| Malaysia | 2017 | 1 (1) | 100 | Neutropenia condition, prolonged hospital stay, prior antibiotics exposure, presence of CVC | [30] |
| United Arab Emirates | 2017 | 1 (1) | 100 | Underlying medical conditions, prolonged hospital stay, ICU admission | [28] |
| Saudi Arabia | 2017–2018 | 3 (2) | 33.33 | Underlying medical conditions, presence of CVC, surgery | [51] |
| Pakistan | 2018 | 14 (9) | 42.9 | Surgery, presence of CVC, usage of urinary catheters, prior antifungal exposure | [52] |
| Kuwait | 2018 | 17 (13) | 60 | Underlying medical conditions, prolonged hospital stay | [53] |
| Kuwait | 2018–2019 | 71 (17) | 52.1 | Underlying medical conditions, hospital stay, ICU admission | [54] |
| Oman | 2018–2019 | 32 (11) | 53.1 | Underlying medical conditions, prior antifungal exposure |
[55] |
| Saudi Arabia | 2018–2019 | 34 (6) | 20 | Underlying medical conditions, ICU admission, prolonged ICU stay, prior antifungal exposure, surgery, presence of CVC, indwelling urinary catheter |
[56] |
| Qatar | (2018–2020) | 36 (2) | NR | ICU admission, surgery, underlying medical conditions | [58] |
| Lebanon | 2020 | 14 (3) | 35.7 | ICU admission, presence of CVC, indwelling urinary catheter, prior antifungal exposure | [29] |
CVC: central venous catheter; NR: not reported.