Table 3.
The effect of Co-variates t on bowel habits and feeding intolerance. Numeric outcomes were analyzed using mixed effects linear regression for repeated data, including a random intercept for each infant. Dichotomous outcomes were analyzed using a mixed effects logistic regression model, and ordinal data using mixed effect ordinal logistic regression models.
| Day 0–7 | Day 0–34 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | p-Value | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | |
| Frequency of defecation | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 0.97 | 0.92–1.02 | ns | 0.98 | 0.95–1.02 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 1.44 | 1.01–2.06 | <0.05 | 1.00 | 0.81–1.24 | ns |
| GA at birth | 1.04 | 0.96–1.12 | ns | 1.02 | 0.95–1.09 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 0.87 | 0.71–1.07 | ns | 0.78 | 0.65–0.94 | <0.01 |
| Postnatal age | 1.00 | 0.97–1.04 | ns | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 0.91 | 0.73–1.13 | ns | 1.06 | 0.89–1.25 | ns |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.08 | 0.83–1.39 | ns | 1.08 | 0.90–1.29 | ns |
| Volume of stool | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 1.03 | 0.99–1.09 | ns | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 1.20 | 0.98–1.54 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 1.09–1.24 | <0.01 |
| GA at birth | 0.95 | 0.92–1.05 | ns | 0.99 | 0.69–1.04 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 0.94 | 0.78–1.13 | ns | 0.99 | 0.92–1.16 | ns |
| Postnatal age | 0.99 | 0.97–1.03 | ns | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 1.42 | 1.13–1.91 | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.92–1.04 | ns |
| Receiving antibiotics | 0.87 | 0.70–1.09 | ns | 0.87 | 0.80–0.95 | <0.01 |
| Stool consistency | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | ns | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 1.11 | 1.02–1.25 | <0.05 | 1.19 | 1.12–1.27 | <0.01 |
| GA at birth | 1.04 | 0.97–1.12 | ns | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 1.03 | 0.83–1.25 | ns | 0.99 | 0.87–1.17 | ns |
| Postnatal age | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | ns | 0.99 | 0.98–1.02 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 1.46 | 1.21–1.73 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.21 | <0.05 |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.00 | 0.84–1.18 | ns | 1.01 | 0.92–1.12 | ns |
| Stool color | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 1.11 | 0.92–1.35 | ns | 1.02 | 0.95–1.10 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 0.65 | 0.34–1.23 | ns | 0.59 | 0.37–0.95 | <0.05 |
| GA at birth | 0.99 | 0.82–1.19 | ns | 1.01 | 0.80–1.27 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 1.72 | 1.12–2.64 | <0.05 | 1.72 | 1.16–2.53 | <0.01 |
| Postnatal age | 0.88 | 0.80–0.97 | <0.01 | 0.96 | 0.89–1.03 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 1.28 | 0.60–2.33 | ns | 0.60 | 0.35–1.02 | 0.06 |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.48 | 0.80–2.75 | ns | 1.68 | 0.99–2.84 | 0.05 |
| Bowel gas restlessness | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 0.94 | 0.82–1.08 | ns | 0.95 | 0.88–1.02 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 0.93 | 0.38–2.30 | ns | 1.26 | 0.74–2.16 | ns |
| GA at birth | 1.31 | 1.03–1.66 | <0.05 | 1.10 | 0.92–1.32 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 1.03 | 0.59–1.79 | ns | 1.06 | 0.72–1.55 | ns |
| Postnatal age | 1.23 | 1.12–1.34 | <0.01 | 1.08 | 1.01–1.16 | <0.01 |
| Receiving laxatives | 2.74 | 1.61–4.64 | <0.01 | 2.65 | 1.86–3.76 | <0.01 |
| Receiving antibiotics | 0.44 | 0.21–0.95 | <0.05 | 0.50 | 0.33–0.75 | <0.01 |
| Appearance of GR >50% of last meal | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 1.02 | 0.75–1.38 | ns | 0.85 | 0.73–0.98 | <0.05 |
| Increasing amount of protein | 0.75 | 2.16–2.60 | ns | 0.86 | 0.34–2.16 | ns |
| GA at birth | 1.69 | 1.09–2.62 | <0.05 | 1.60 | 1.03–2.50 | <0.05 |
| Small for gestational age | 0.62 | 0.22–1.72 | ns | 0.63 | 0.22–1.79 | ns |
| Postnatal age | 0.99 | 0.84–1.17 | ns | 1.00 | 0.87–1.16 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 2.21 | 0.73–6.61 | ns | 2.01 | 0.72–5.61 | ns |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.02 | 0.92–6.17 | 0.07 | 2.92 | 1.18–7.27 | <0.05 |
| Volume of meal | 0.78 | 0.69–0.87 | <0.01 | 0.79 | 0.71–0.89 | <0.01 |
| Appearance of GR (regardless of amount) | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 0.96 | 0.88–1.04 | ns | 0.99 | 0.94–1.05 | ns |
| Increasing amount of protein | 1.62 | 1.13–2.32 | <0.01 | 1.05 | 0.76–1.44 | ns |
| GA at birth | 1.00 | 0.87–1.15 | ns | 0.75 | 0.96–1.20 | ns |
| Small for gestational age | 0.65 | 0.46–0.92 | <0.05 | 0.86 | 0.54–1.04 | 0.08 |
| Postnatal age | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | ns | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | ns |
| Receiving laxatives | 0.94 | 0.64–1.38 | ns | 1.11 | 0.84–1.48 | ns |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.51 | 1.09–2.09 | <0.05 | 1.41 | 1.08–1.83 | <0.05 |
| Volume of meal | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | ns | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | <0.01 |
| Stomach appearance | ||||||
| Advancing days of fortification | 0.88 | 0.82–0.95 | <0.01 | 0.94 | 0.89–0.99 | <0.05 |
| Increasing amount of protein | 1.51 | 1.24–1.80 | <0.01 | 1.36 | 1.25–1.42 | <0.01 |
| GA at birth | 0.75 | 0.65–0.88 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 0.63–0.79 | <0.01 |
| Small for gestational age | 2.75 | 1.69–4.25 | <0.01 | 2.29 | 1.62–3.22 | <0.01 |
| Postnatal age | 1.14 | 1.06–1.29 | <0.01 | 1.05 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.06 |
| Receiving laxatives | 1.62 | 1.34–1.93 | <0.01 | 1.71 | 1.61–1.85 | <0.01 |
| Receiving antibiotics | 1.22 | 1.04–1.43 | <0.05 | 1.39 | 1.30–1.52 | <0.01 |
| N-CPAP treatment | 1.50 | 1.14–1.94 | <0.01 | 1.17 | 1.06–1.28 | <0.01 |
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, GA: gestational age, GR: gastric residual, N-CPAP: nosal-Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, ns: not significant.