Table 1.
Characteristics from studies and change of BMI before and after intervention using Communication and Information Technologies.
| First Author, Year | Country | n | Profile of Participants | Time in Months |
Intervention * | Control | BMI Group in Intervention |
BMI Group of Control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | |||||||
| Lisón, 2020 [25] | Spain | 105 | Average age: control: 51.4; Intervention: 54.9 years old |
3 | In addition to the usual medical care, they had access to a webpage with documents and videos for download, interactive and self-instructive, with nine modules focusing on obesity and hypertension—eating habits and physical activity through self-monitoring, behavioral recording, stimulus control and techniques of problem solving. | Personal attendance | 29.9 (SD: 2.6) |
–0.4 (95% CI: –0.7; –0.2) |
30.1 (SD: 2.7) |
0.3 (95% CI: −0.5; 0.1) |
| Kaur, 2020 [16] | India | 708 | Average age: 52.7 years old. Gender: 76.1% women. Marital status: 89.3% married. Education: 51.2% with teaching higher. |
6 | Weekly sending of texts, images and video by SMS, e- mail, social networking application (WhatsApp). Website access ‘SMART Eating’ (recommendations, tips, BMI calculator answers the main doubts, games and among others), in addition to IT component, culinary calendar templates, plate composition education and measuring spoons. | They received printed material equal to the experimental group | 27.03 (SD: 0.22) |
26.86 (SD: 0.22) |
27.45 (SD: 0.25) |
27.54 (SD: 0.25) |
| Bennett, 2018 [23] | USA | 351 | average of age: 50.7. Ex: 32% men |
12 | Goal self-monitoring program of four behavioral goal changes. Use of voice response and messages, training calls with 10–15 min. The goals changed periodically. | Traditional treatment with self- monitoring materials | 35.9 (SD: 4.1) |
−1.4 (95% CI: −1.7; −1.1) |
35.9 (3.7) |
0.2 (95% CI: −0.07; 0.5) |
| Dassen, 2018 [24] | Netherlands | 91 | average age 47.9 years old. Gender: 74.7% women. Education: 52.7% had education higher |
3 | Memory game to improve capacity knowledge about self-control, eating style, eating disorders and healthy eating. | Training equal to online, only presential | 30.96 (SD: 3.64) |
29.95 (SD: 3.46) |
30.49 (SD: 3.97) |
30.17 (SD: 4.14) |
| Velázquez-Lopez, 2017 [18] | Mexico | 351 | average age control: 53.7 and intervention: 55.4 years old. sex: control 66.3% women and intervention 70.2% women |
21 | Multimedia program in Diabetes and Nutrition with modules of educational programs on diet, physical activity and various aspects of diabetes (causes, treatment and complications). The program has Written material, videos and exercises for content fixation. | Nutritional therapy, customized by a nutritionist | 30.8 (SD: 5.9) |
−0.42 (95% CI: −0.86; 0.01) |
30.4 (SD: 5.0) |
−0.07 (95% CI: −0.39; 0.25) |
| Tarraga Marcos, 2017 [28] | Spain | 116 | Gender: 58.6% women. | 3 | Multimedia program—access to adherence to Mediterranean Diet Screener and control of its adhesion level. Sending of the test every day (auto- monitoring and food diary) and the platform displayed the participant’s adherence weekly. In cases of low compliance, the platform offered personalized advice and suggestions (such as recipes etc.). |
Oral and written information about health, food choices based on the Mediterranean diet and Exercises |
30.8 | 29.3 | 30.7 | 30.1 |
| Poelman, 2015 [26] | Netherlands | 278 | Average age: 45.7 years. Gender: 84.5% women. Education: 36.4% middle level |
12 | Multimedia program for portion control strategies in different environments and throughout the day. | traditional treatment and presential | 32.86 (SD: 4.95) |
31.45 (SD: 4.96) |
32.00 (SD: 4.57) |
30.84 (SD: 4.73) |
| Almeida, 2015 [21] | USA | 1790 | Average age: 47 years old | 12 | program daily delivery of tailored emails to each participant based on gender, fitness program, location, and barriers to promoting healthy eating. | educational sessions on job site | 33.26 (SD: 6.39) |
32.90 (SD: 6.49) |
33.51 (SD: 6.44) |
33.31 (SD: 6.50) |
| Watson, 2015 [27] | England | 65 | Average age: intervention 51.4 years old and control: 52.9 years. Gender: I50% women and control 61%. |
3 | Multimedia diabetes management program—planning, self-monitoring, goal setting and supportive feedback (physiologists) via email and phone with focus on good nutrition, physical activity and risk for cardiovascular disease. | Doctor care and guidelines about healthy life habits, model traditional and presential | 32.9 (SD: 3.07) |
−1.16 (95% CI: –1.60; –0.73) |
32.4 (SD: 2.74) |
–0.14 (95% CI: –0.47; 0.19) |
| Block, 2015 [22] | USA | 341 | Average age: 55 years. Sex: 68.7% men. Education: 82.9% teaching higher |
6 | Regular contact program and weekly definition of goals. Sending e-mails and reminders by cell phone. Weekly personalized program with goal setting to change health behavior—diet and physical activity. | conventional care through presential care. | 31.1 (SD: 4.5) |
−1.05 (95% CI: −1.06; 1.05) |
31.2 (SD: 4.3) |
−0.39 (95% CI: −0.39; −0.38) |
| Naimark, 2015 [17] | Israel | 85 | Average age: 47.9 years old Sex: 64% women |
3 | Application based on the web. The application allows users to monitor their food intake and physical activity, receiving real-time feedback. With base in systems theory control (CST) of regulation. | A talk about healthy habits | 26.2 (SD: 3.9) |
−0.48 (SD: 0.13) |
25.0 (SD: 4.4) |
−0.03 (SD: 0.12) |
| Dunn, 2014 [19] | USA | 1711 | Average in age: control 48.8 and intervention 49.1 years | 19 | Web conference: 15 weekly classes of one hour. 1 h sessions Elluminate Live teaching software | Same as Intervention, only presential. | 32.65 | 31.31 | 32.64 | 31.66 |
| Cesa, 2013 [31] | Italy | 32 | Average age: 31.8. Sex: just with women. Marital status: control 29.9% and intervention 32.9% married |
12 | Multimedia program with 14 virtual environments used by the therapist during a 60-min session with the patient. Environments where people eat and two body image comparison areas where patients practiced both food/emotional/relational management and general decision-making and problem-solving skills | Standard cognitive behavior therapy and face-to-face hospital treatment | 39.2 (SD: 5.3) |
36.9 (SD: 5) |
41.1 (SD: 3.3) |
38.3 (SD: 3.0) |
| Mehring, 2013 [30] | Germany The | 148 | Average age: 47.8 years old. Gender: 68.8% women. |
3 | Multimedia program—based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy. After a pre-assessment, the program generated an individual training based on the physicians’ recommendations, the physical characteristics and everyday behavior of the participants. | Individual counseling on usual care to reduce weight in the same way as the intervention group | 33.6 | 32.1 (SD: −1.5) |
33.3 | 32.7 (SD: −0.6) |
| Lachause, 2012 [20] | USA | 312 | Average age: 24.8 years. 75.64% women |
3 | An interactive web-based program provided nutrition and physical education information to college students. It had assessments to provide individual user feedback, information links (Ask the Expert, Student Voices, News) and four core learning modules. | Face-to-face course once a week for approximately 2 h for 12 weeks with the same topic as the online one. | 29.5 | 28.75 | 29.19 | 29.0 |
| Morgan, 2009 [29] | England | 65 | Average age: 35.9 years old. study only with men |
6 | A face-to-face information session (75 min) with instructions regarding diet modification, physical activity habits and behavior change strategies. Then they spent 3 months receiving online support through a website | Only participated in the face-to-face information session. | 30.6 | 29 (SD −1.6; 95% CI: −2.2; −1.0) |
30.5 | 29.4 (SD: −1.1; 95% CI: −0.5; 1.7) |
* All included studies are randomized clinical trials; n—number of participants; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; SD: Standard Deviation.