Table 4.
In vivo activities of different parts of Acacia catechu.
| Biological Activity/Region |
Type of Solvent Used for Extraction |
Mode of Administration/Dosage |
Experimental Model and Duration |
Key Findings | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antihyperglycemic (Kerala, India) | Hydroethanolic leaf extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) | STZ-induced diabetic/Orally | Male albino rats (n = 42)/30 days | At a dosage of 200 and 400 mg/kg the values of AST, ALT, and ALP was 229.1, 57.5, and 293.85 U/L, and 211.23, 54.21, and 282.31 U/L, respectively. | At 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg concentrations, a hydroethanolic leaf extract showed a significant decrease in serum glucose levels in diabetic rats. | [12] |
| Antihyperlipidemic (Kerala, India) | Hydroethanolic leaf extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) | Orally | Male albino rats (n = 42)/30 days | At concentrations of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, the values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol were 124.66 mg/dL, 157.03 mg/dL, 25.48 mg/dL, 67.78 mg/dL, and 31.4 mg/dL, and 114.16 mg/dL, 152 mg/dL, 27.21 mg/dL, 56.55 mg/dL, and 30.4 mg/dL, respectively. | At 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg concentrations, hydroethanolic leaf extracts showed that total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, and HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased in rats. | [12] |
|
Antiulcer
A) Absolute alcohol-induced ulcer model B) NSAIDs-induced ulcer model (Raipur Rani, Panchkula) |
Ethanol and aqueous extracts (200 and 400 mg) | Orally | Wistar albino rats (A) n = 20, B) n = 60)/24 h | (A) In the absolute alcohol-induced ulcer model the inhibition percentage was 67.87% (B) In the NSAIDs-induced ulcer model, the inhibition percentage was 71.14%. |
A. catechu aqueous extract at a dose of 400 mg showed maximum percentage inhibition in the NSAIDs-induced ulcer model. | [13] |
|
Immunomodulatory
(A) Hemagglutinating antibody titer (B) Plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay (C) Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) (Kannur District, Kerala, India) |
Aqueous (100–200 mg/kg) and ethanol (100–200 mg/kg) | Orally | Swiss albino male mice | (A) Antibody titer 117.33 HA titer (B) 535.67 PFC/106 spleen cells (C) In aqueous extract at 100 mg/kg conc. the value was 1.05 mm and at 200 mg/kg conc. the value was 0.9783 mm. In ethanol extract at 100 mg/kg conc. the value was 0.2612 mm and for 200 mg/kg conc. the value was found 0.1842 mm |
(A) Ethanol heartwood extracts on humoral immune response 200 mg/kg caused a significant rise in antibody titer. (B) Maximum number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) was observed in ethanol extract at 200 mg/kg. (C) The results showed that both the extracts (water and ethanol) at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, significantly inhibited foot paw edema. |
[10] |
|
Immunostimulatory
(A) Hemagglutinating antibody titer (B) Plaque forming cell (PFC) assay (C) Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) (Kannur District, Kerala, India) |
Butanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg b. w) | Orally | Swiss albino male mice (n = 54)/30 days | (A) 512 HA titer in the blood of mice (B) 499.67 PFC/106 spleen cells (C) 3.41 mm |
(A) Effect of heartwood butanol fraction on the humoral immune response at 400 mg/kg caused a significant rise in antibody titer. (B) Maximum number of plaque-forming cells was observed in butanol fraction at 400 mg/kg (C) In butanol fraction, DTH response was significantly increased in paw thickness at a dosage of 400 mg/kg b.w. after 24 h of induction. |
[10] |
|
Antihyperglycaemic
(Bangladesh) |
Methanolic extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b. w.) | 2 g/kg body weight of glucose/Orally | Swiss albino mice (male) (n = 36)/2 h | 37.7% lowering of serum glucose level | The study showed that A. catechu wood extract showed significant results in the methanolic extract at a concentration of 400 mg/kg b.w. | [11] |
| Antinociceptive (Bangladesh) | Methanolic extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b. w.) | Orally | Swiss albino mice (n = 36)/2 h | 69.6% acetic acid-induced gastric pain | The study showed that methanolic wood extract of A. catechu showed significant results at a concentration of 400 mg/kg b.w. | [11] |
AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, HDL: High density lipoprotein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein, NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.