(a) Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus, C., 1758) cocoon. Image credit: Charles J. Sharp, CC BY-SA 4.0. ©2016 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50017118. (b) Phytonomus vuillefroyanus Capiomont, 1868 cocoon. Image courtesy of Petr Bogusch, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. (c) Euplectrus bicolor (Swederus, 1795) larvae on the caterpillar of Orthosia sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). (d) pupae with threads made of a silk-like fiber. Images courtesy of Špela Modic, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia. (e) Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) formicarius Linnaeus, 1767 pupa separated from its cocoon made of silk-like fibers and sand. Image credit: Saxifraga Foundation, CC BY-NC. (f) Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall, 1934 s-instar larva cross-section of a Malpighian Tubule (MT). In the lumen is visible a large mass of an electron-dense secretion. From Conti et al. [5].