Table 1.
Specialized functions related to the Malpighian Tubules.
| Product | Function | Taxonomy | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mucopolysaccharides and proteins | Construction of foam nests | Rhynchota: Homoptera: Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae | [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46] |
| Mucofibrils | Construction of dwelling tubes | Rhynchota: Homoptera: Clastopteridae, Machaerotidae | [35,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
| Adhesive secretions | Construction of oothecae | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae | [54,55] |
| Facilitation of locomotion | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Neuroptera: Chrysopidae |
[56,57,58,59] | |
| Brochosomes | Protection of eggs, juveniles, and adults | Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae (ascertained), Psylloidea Heteroptera: Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, Plataspidae, Rhopalidae, Saldidae, Tingidae Diptera: Culicidae |
[8,15,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85] |
| Other organic secretions | |||
| Carbohydrates and proteins | Building of hallways and chambers | Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadidae | [43,86,87,88,89] |
| Glycoproteins and lipoproteins | Reinforcing of shields | Rhynchota: Homoptera: Coccoidea | [90,91,92] |
| Glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides, and proteins | Unclear (related to cocoons covering) | Hymenoptera: Apidae, Megachilidae | [93,94,95,96,97] |
| Inorganic salts | |||
| Calcium (calcospherites and granules) | Hardening of puparium | Diptera: Muscidae, Tephritidae | [98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106] |
| Calcium (lime glands) | Precipitation of excessive salts | Diptera: Ephydridae | [107] |
| Calcium and phosphorus | Acquisition of freeze tolerance | Diptera: Tephritidae | [108] |
| Calcium | Hardening of eggs chorion | Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae | [109,110,111,112,113,114] |
| Calcium | Hardening of cocoons | Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lasiocampidae | [115,116,117,118,119] |
| Calcium | Construction and closure of pupal cells | Coleoptera: Cerambycidae | [88,120,121,122] |
| Bioluminescence | Attraction of prey and partners | Diptera: Keroplatidae | [16,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134] |
| Silk-like fibers | Construction of cocoons | Coleoptera: Carabidae, Curculionidae (: Hyperinae) | [135,136,137,138,139] |
| Construction of cocoons | Hymenoptera: Eulophidae | [140,141,142,143,144] | |
| Adhesive for debris | Neuroptera: Chrysopidae | [145,146] | |
| Construction of cocoons | Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae, Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae, Myrmeleontidae, Sisyridae | [58,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158] | |
| Construction of cocoons | Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae, Melanthripidae, Thripidae | [159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166] |