| AIC | Akaike information criterion |
| COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase |
| CP | Chronic pain |
| CRHBP | Corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein |
| DZ | Dizygotic |
| FKBP5 | FK506 binding protein 51 |
| GCH1 | Guanosine-5-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 |
| ESR1 | Estrogen receptor 1 |
| HPA | Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
| IASP | International Association for the Study of Pain |
| ICD-11 | International Classification of Diseases-11 |
| ITR | Italian Twin Registry |
| MZ | Monozygotic |
| NRS | Numerical rating scale |
| OPRM1 | Opioid receptor mu 1 |
| SNP | Single-nucleotide polymorphism |
| VAS | Visual analogue scale |
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