Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to sex.
| Total Participants | Men | Women | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | n (%) | 2582 | 1405 (54.4) | 1177 (45.6) | |
| Age | (years) | 52.6 ± 9.0 (25–80) | 52.7 ± 9.1 (25–80) | 52.4 ± 8.9 (26–77) | 0.317 |
| BMI | (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.7 (14–48) | 24.0 ± 3.4 (15–42) | 22.2 ± 3.7 (14–48) | <0.001 |
| WC | (cm) | 82.4 ± 9.8 (56–131) | 84.6 ± 9.1 (58–126) | 79.9 ± 9.9 (56–131) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers | n (%) | 412 (16.0) | 366 (26.0) | 46 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Drinkers | n (%) | 1504 (58.2) | 1044 (74.3) | 460 (39.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol quantity (g/week) | |||||
| None | n (%) | 1078 (41.8) | 361 (25.7) | 717 (60.9) | <0.001 |
| 0.1–69.9 | 545 (21.1) | 277 (19.7) | 268 (22.8) | ||
| 70–139.9 | 355 (13.7) | 244 (17.4) | 111 (9.4) | ||
| 140–279.9 | 571 (22.1) | 493 (35.1) | 78 (6.6) | ||
| ≥280 | 33 (1.3) | 30 (2.1) | 3 (0.3) | ||
| Drinking frequency | |||||
| Non-drinker | n (%) | 1078 (41.8) | 361 (25.7) | 717 (60.9) | <0.001 |
| Occasional drinker | 841 (32.6) | 495 (35.2) | 346 (29.4) | ||
| Daily drinker | 663 (25.7) | 549 (39.1) | 114 (9.7) | ||
| Regular exercise | n (%) | 671 (26.0) | 454 (32.3) | 217 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Eating before going to bed | n (%) | 826 (32.0) | 527 (37.5) | 299 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Custom of having breakfast | n (%) | 295 (11.4) | 180 (12.8) | 115 (9.8) | <0.05 |
| SBP | (mmHg) | 123.9 ± 16.9 (80–204) | 127.3 ± 16.0 (87–204) | 119.8 ± 17.1 (80–194) | <0.001 |
| DBP | (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 12.0 (43–128) | 81.6 ± 11.5 (46–128) | 73.9 ± 11.0 (43–116) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 1208 (46.8) | 796 (56.7) | 412 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| T-CHO | (mg/dL) | 213.0 ± 35.1 (112–375) | 208.5 ± 33.8 (112–375) | 218.5 ± 35.8 (121–339) | <0.001 |
| TG | (mg/dL) | 110.5 ± 85.2 (26–1338) | 130.8 ± 103.5 (28–1338) | 86.2 ± 45.4 (26–423) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C | (mg/dL) | 67.1 ± 18.0 (26–145) | 60.5 ± 15.8 (26–137) | 74.9 ± 17.4 (28–145) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | (mg/dL) | 129.3 ± 31.8 (29–298) | 128.3 ± 31.6 (29–298) | 130.5 ± 32.1 (48–247) | 0.151 |
| Dyslipidemia | n (%) | 718 (27.8) | 500 (35.6) | 218 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| FPG | (mg/dL) | 98.0 ± 16.7 (63–305) | 101.1 ± 17.7 (63–267) | 94.4 ± 14.5 (67–305) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c | (%) | 5.6 ± 0.55 (4.7–13.8) | 5.7 ± 0.57 (4.7–11.2) | 5.6 ± 0.53 (4.7–13.8) | 0.256 |
| IGT | n (%) | 1098 (42.5) | 701 (49.9) | 397 (33.7) | <0.001 |
| UA | (mg/dL) | 5.3 ± 1.4 (2–11) | 6.0 ± 1.2 (2–10) | 4.5 ± 1.0 (2–11) | <0.001 |
| ALT | (IU/L) | 22.8 ± 14.7 (5–178) | 27.0 ± 16.6 (6–178) | 17.7 ± 9.9 (5–125) | <0.001 |
| AST | (IU/L) | 23.9 ± 8.6 (8–126) | 25.7 ± 9.5 (10–126) | 21.8 ± 6.9 (8–101) | <0.001 |
| GGT | (IU/L) | 37.7 ± 40.7 (7–581) | 50.3 ± 48.2 (9–581) | 22.6 ± 21.1 (7–414) | <0.001 |
| HS-CRP | (mg/L) | 1.05 ± 2.97 (0.1–42.5) | 1.26 ± 3.61 (0.1–42.5) | 0.81 ± 1.95 (0.1–29.5) | <0.001 |
| H. pylori positivity | n (%) | 561 (21.7) | 335 (23.8) | 226 (19.2) | <0.005 |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (ranges) for continuous variables and counts (%) for categorical variables. p-values are based on the χ2 test or Mann–Whitney U test. Significance is indicated at the 5% level. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; HS-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T-CHO, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; WC, waist circumference.