Table 2.
Anticancer effects of daidzein and its metabolites including equol based on in vivo studies.
| Type of Cancer | Animal Models | Effects | Mechanisms | Dosage | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteosarcoma | BALB/c nude mice xenografted with 143B (1 × 107) cells | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ volume and weight of the tumors, ↑ number of necrotic cells, no systemic toxicity | Daidzein—20 mg/kg | 16 days | [15] |
| Breast | Athymic nude mice xenografted with MCF7 cells (5 × 106 cells) | Inhibited Tumor Growth | No obvious damage found in visceral organs of MCF7 xenograft nude mice, ↓ tumor volume, ↑ tumor inhibition rate of the combination group, ↑ Bax, ↑ p53 and ↑ p21 in the combination group than in the TPT monotherapy group, ↓ Bcl2 |
Topotecan—3 mg/ kg and Daidzein—5 mg/kg. |
15 days | [21] |
| MCF-7 cells implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice |
Inhibited Tumor Growth | No significant difference was observed in uterine weight, No significant induction of pS2 mRNA (an estrogen responsive marker) in tumors |
Daidzein—125, 250, 500 and 1000 p.p.m and (±)-Equol—250, 500 and 1000 p.p.m |
7 days | [31] | |
| Lung | Balb/c nude mice xenografted with A549 cells |
Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ Ki-67 and ↓ p65-NF-κB, ↓ tumor volume | Daidzein—5 mg/kg. | 21 days | [32] |
| Bladder | Nude mice xenografted with RT112 cells (1 × 106 cells) | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ tumor volume and weight and size, ↓ tumor volume toxicity of daidzein to normal cells, | Daidzein—10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | 27 days | [42] |
| Colorectal | Albino rats subcutaneous injected with DMH (40 mg/kg) | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ NO, ↓ MDA, ↑ GSH, ↓ CYP2E1 colon content, ↓ CXCL1, ↓ AREG level, ↓ colon content of MMP-9↓ DMH+DSS induced histopathological changes at both doses | Chrysin—125 and 250 mg/kg and Daidzein—5 and 10 mg/kg |
56 days | [40] |
| Prostate | C57B1/6 male mice xenografted with PC3 cell (5 × 104) | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↑ doxorubicin anti-tumor activity, ↑ number of necrotic cells, shows hyperplastic acini lined by simple columnar epithelium and basal cells, ↑ recovery from prostate cancer | The novel metabolites 1 and 2–30 mg/ kg and Doxorubicin—6 mg/kg |
21 days | [43] |
| BALB/c nude mice xenografted with PC3 cells | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ volume and weight of the tumors, ↑ no. number of necrotic cells, ↓ p-FOXO3a and ↑ nuclear stability of FOXO3a | Daidzein | -- | [44] | |
| Ovary | Nude mice xenografted with SKVO3 cells (5 × 106 cells). | Inhibited Tumor Growth | ↓ Ki-67 ↑ cleaved caspase-3 | Daidzein—10, 20 and 40 µg/kg |
27 days | [48] |