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. 2022 Nov 14;15(11):1402. doi: 10.3390/ph15111402

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Effect of cadmium and/or topiramate on AMPK/mTOR pathway in testes of rats. The co-treatment with topiramate activated the testicular pro-autophagy AMPK/mTOR pathway that was inhibited by cadmium administration. This was manifested by increased p-AMPK (Ser487)/total AMPK ratio [H (3, 20) = 5.71, p = 0.0054] (A) and lowered p-mTOR (Ser2448)/total mTOR ratio [H (3, 20) = 18.83, p < 0.0001] (B). Results are demonstrated as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for six rats in each experimental group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 signifies statistical significance versus the control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 signifies statistical significance versus cadmium chloride-treated group. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin. TPM, topiramate; Cd, cadmium chloride.