Table 1.

The Experimental design.

Group	N	Description
Control group	6	The oral vehicle of topiramate was received by gavage (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC; 10 mL/kg/day). Meanwhile, normal saline vehicle (10 mL/kg/day) was given by gavage. The treatments lasted for 2 months.
Control + TPM group	6	Topiramate suspended in CMC was received by gavage (50 mg/kg/day, 10 mL/kg). Meanwhile, normal saline (10 mL/kg/day) was given by gavage. The treatments lasted for 2 months.
Cd group	6	0.5% CMC (10 mL/kg/day) was received by gavage. Meanwhile, a gavage of cadmium chloride solution (5 mg/kg/day; 10 mL/kg) was given daily. The treatments lasted for 2 months. The dose of cadmium chloride is compliant with previous studies [20,47].
Cd + TPM group	6	Topiramate (50 mg/kg/day, 10 mL/kg) was received by gavage. Meanwhile, a gavage of cadmium chloride solution (5 mg/kg/day; 10 mL/kg) was given daily. The treatments lasted for 2 months. The dose of topiramate was based on the previously reported efficacy against several pathological models [27,29,48].