Table 2.
The clinical characteristics of training and validation cohorts.
| Variables | Training Cohort (n = 765) | Validation Cohort 1 (n = 310) | Validation Cohort 2 (n = 210) |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | 246 (32.2) | 106 (34.2) | 39(18.5) |
| Maternal age | 31.77 ± 4.14 | 31.5 ± 4.03 | 31.24 ± 4.17 |
| T2DM family history | 70 (9.2) | 33 (10.6) | 15(7.1) |
| pre-BMI | 21.97 ± 3.34 | 22.07 ± 2.97 | 21.4 ± 3.12 |
| Age at menarche ≤ 11 yr | 66 (8.6) | 22 (7.1) | 4(1.9) |
| ART | 53 (6.9) | 31 (10) | 4(1.9) |
| Thyroid antibodies + (TPOAb/TgAb) | 115 (15.0) | 53 (17.1) | 16(7.6) |
| Above IOM recommended GWG at the 1st trimester | 134 (17.5) | 57 (18.4) | 34(16.1) |
| History of macrosomia | 28 (3.7) | 11 (3.5) | 7(3.3) |
| Parity | 1.50 ± 0.60 | 1.49 ± 0.65 | 1.22 ± 0.71 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 64.33 ± 7.34 | 65.36 ± 7.72 | 61.35 ± 6.51 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 46.80 ± 5.57 | 47.03 ± 5.79 | 42.24 ± 4.63 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 69.05 ± 4.13 | 70.18 ± 3.88 | 65.43 ± 3.47 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.15 ± 2.31 | 40.0 ± 2.56 | 44.34 ± 3.27 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 29.90 ± 3.31 | 30.18 ± 3.25 | 31.58 ± 2.64 |
| ALT (U/L) | 17.11 ± 10.78 | 18.81 ± 11.83 | 17.31 ± 10.81 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.40 ± 9.38 | 18.66 ± 6.62 | 19.72 ± 7.24 |
| CHO (mmol/L) | 4.13 ± 0.73 | 4.16 ± 0.89 | 4.61 ± 0.63 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.51 ± 0.66 | 1.50 ± 0.75 | 1.60 ± 0.69 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.67 ± 0.29 | 1.62 ± 0.27 | 1.80 ± 0.31 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.31 ± 0.60 | 2.35 ± 0.58 | 2.43 ± 0.52 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.04 ± 0.44 | 5.01 ± 0.41 | 4.88 ± 0.49 |
ALT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; CHO, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose. p value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Validation cohort 1: a cohort comprising pregnant women at NWCH enrolled from Nov. 2019 to Mar. 2020. Validation cohort 2: a cohort of pregnant women at NWCH enrolled in May 2021.