Table 2.
Crude and adjusted hazard ratios of Meniere’s disease for osteoporosis in subgroups according to age, sex, income, region, smoking status, alcohol consumption, obesity, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol.
| N of Event/ N of Total (%) |
F/U Duration (PY) |
IR per 1000 (PY) |
IRD (95% CI) |
Hazard Ratios | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | p-Value | Adjusted † | p-Value |
p for Interaction |
|||||
| Total | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 1266/9529 (13.3) | 55,280 | 22.90 | 3.59 (2.27 to 4.91) | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | <0.001 * | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 * | |
| Control | 4287/38,116 (11.2) | 221,976 | 19.31 | 3.59 (2.27 to 4.91) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Age < 65 years old | 0.211 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 440/3895 (11.3) | 29,322 | 15.01 | 1.45 (−0.05 to 2.96) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 0.037 * | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.533 | |
| Control | 1595/15,580 (10.2) | 117,693 | 13.55 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Age ≥ 65 years old | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 826/5634 (14.7) | 25,958 | 31.82 | 6.01 (3.77 to 8.24) | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) | <0.001 * | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | <0.001 * | |
| Control | 2692/22,536 (11.9) | 104,283 | 25.81 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 0.001 * | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 194/4690 (4.1) | 26,878 | 7.22 | 2.61 (1.66 to 3.57) | 1.56 (1.32–1.85) | <0.001 * | 1.44 (1.18–1.75) | <0.001 * | |
| Control | 487/18,760 (2.6) | 105,790 | 4.60 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 1072/4839 (22.2) | 28,402 | 37.74 | 5.04 (2.66 to 7.42) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | <0.001 * | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 0.060 | |
| Control | 3800/19,356 (19.6) | 116,186 | 32.71 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Low income | 0.516 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 629/4225 (14.9) | 24,633 | 25.53 | 3.74 (1.64 to 5.84) | 1.18 (1.08–1.30) | <0.001 * | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 0.166 | |
| Control | 2145/16,900 (12.7) | 98,415 | 21.80 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High income | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 637/5304 (12.0) | 30,647 | 20.79 | 3.45 (1.77 to 5.13) | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) | <0.001 * | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | 0.005 * | |
| Control | 2142/21,216 (10.1) | 123,561 | 17.34 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Urban residents | 0.410 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 467/4087 (11.4) | 24,815 | 18.82 | 2.19 (0.37 to 4.01) | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.013 * | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 0.126 | |
| Control | 1638/16,348 (10.0) | 98,485 | 16.63 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Rural residents | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 799/5442 (14.7) | 30,465 | 26.23 | 4.78 (2.90 to 6.65) | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | <0.001 * | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | <0.001 * | |
| Control | 2649/21,768 (12.2) | 123,491 | 21.45 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Nonsmoker or Past smoker | 0.002 * | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 1247/9461 (13.2) | 54,747 | 22.78 | 2.96 (1.62 to 4.30) | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | <0.001 * | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.006 * | |
| Control | 4209/37,140 (11.3) | 212,367 | 19.82 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Current smoker | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 19/68 (27.9) | 533 | 35.65 | 27.53 (19.00 to 36.06) | 2.71 (1.33–5.56) | 0.006 * | 2.40 (0.97–5.94) | 0.057 | |
| Control | 78/976 (8.0) | 9609 | 8.12 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption < 1 time a week | 0.375 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 1078/6234 (17.3) | 39,023 | 27.62 | 2.92 (1.15 to 4.69) | 1.19 (1.11–1.27) | <0.001 * | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.026 | |
| Control | 3714/23,822 (15.6) | 150,315 | 24.71 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption ≥ 1 time a week | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 188/3295 (5.7) | 16,257 | 11.56 | 3.57 (1.98 to 5.15) | 1.28 (1.08–1.51) | 0.005 * | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 0.018 | |
| Control | 573/14,294 (4.0) | 71,661 | 8.00 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Underweight | 0.123 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 40/185 (21.6) | 939 | 42.60 | 15.79 (3.66 to 27.92) | 1.52 (0.99–2.34) | 0.055 | 1.18 (0.68–2.04) | 0.555 | |
| Control | 117/889 (13.2) | 4364 | 26.81 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Normal weight | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 439/3017 (14.6) | 17,402 | 25.23 | 4.63 (2.22 to 7.03) | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | <0.001 * | 1.11 (0.99–1.26) | 0.083 | |
| Control | 1593/13,246 (12.0) | 77,328 | 20.60 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Overweight | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 352/2578 (13.7) | 14,667 | 24.00 | 5.96 (3.47 to 8.46) | 1.35 (1.19–1.52) | <0.001 * | 1.26 (1.10–1.46) | 0.001 * | |
| Control | 1102/10,333 (10.7) | 61,097 | 18.04 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Obese | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 435/3749 (11.6) | 22,272 | 19.53 | 0.90 (−1.14 to 2.94) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 0.082 | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 0.955 | |
| Control | 1475/13,648 (10.8) | 79,187 | 18.63 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg | 0.604 | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 973/7530 (12.9) | 43,501 | 22.37 | 3.13 (1.64 to 4.62) | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | <0.001 * | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.005 * | |
| Control | 3141/28,886 (10.9) | 163,298 | 19.23 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 293/1999 (14.7) | 11,779 | 24.87 | 5.34 (2.52 to 8.17) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.037 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.922 | |
| Control | 1146/9230 (12.4) | 58,678 | 19.53 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 785/4870 (16.1) | 27,581 | 28.46 | 7.93 (6.03 to 9.84) | 1.37 (1.26–1.48) | <0.001 * | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | <0.001 * | |
| Control | 2910/22,776 (12.8) | 141,761 | 20.53 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 481/4659 (10.3) | 27,699 | 17.37 | 0.20 (−1.59 to 1.99) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.478 | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 0.827 | |
| Control | 1377/15,340 (9.0) | 80,215 | 17.17 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 629/5671 (11.1) | 33,282 | 18.90 | 1.40 (−0.22 to 3.03) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.141 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.800 | |
| Control | 2068/20,579 (10.0) | 118,204 | 17.50 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL | |||||||||
| Meniere’s disease | 637/3858 (16.5) | 21,998 | 28.96 | 7.57 (5.38 to 9.77) | 1.36 (1.25–1.49) | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | <0.001 * | ||
| Control | 2219/17,537 (12.7) | 103,772 | 21.38 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Abbreviation: IR, incidence rate; IRD, incidence rate difference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PY. person-year; * Significance at p < 0.05. † Adjusted for age, sex, income, region of residence, SBP, DBP, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, CCI scores, dyslipidemia, benign paroxysmal vertigo, vestibular neuronitis, and other types of peripheral vertigo.