Table 1.
Summary of the main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Ref | Authors | Year | Design | N Patients | Patients Population | Controls | Tested Biomarkers | Biomarkers Statistically Associated with Fibrosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [23] | Zhang et al. | 2017 | R | 244 | IgA nephropathy | 40 HC | MMP-7 | MMP-7 |
| [24] | Stribos et al. | 2017 | R | 78 | Renal transplant recipients | NA | C3M, Pro-C3, C4M, C5M, Pro-C6, C6M | C3M, Pro-C6 |
| [25] | Akin et al. | 2017 | PR | 81 | AKI (44), CKD (37) | NA | HA | HA |
| [26] | Chen et al. | 2017 | R | 31 | CKD | 25 HC | Bcl-3 | Bcl-3 |
| [27] | Cho et al. | 2018 | R | 67 | IgA nephropathy (26), FSGS (12), MCD (7), MN (3), TBMD (3), MPGN (2), post-infectious glomerulonephritis (1), LN (1), GN (1), ATN (1), amyloidosis (1), non-specific findings (9) | NA | Klotho | Klotho |
| [28] | Luo et al. | 2018 | R | 103 | Renal transplant recipients | 127 HC | HE4 | HE4 |
| [29] | Nielsen et al. | 2018 | PR | 492 | CKD | NA | LAMC1 | LAMC1 |
| [30] | Yiang et al. | 2018 | post hoc | 230 | CKD | 67 HC | Bmi-1 | Bmi-1 |
| [31] | Zhang et al. | 2019 | R | 58 | Biopsy-proven renal fibrosis | 10 HC | miR-181 | miR-181 |
| [32] | Ren et al. | 2019 | R | 697 | DN | 150 HC | VASH-1, SIRT1, HIF1α, VEGF, CRP, TNF-α, TGF-β1 | VASH-1 |
| [33] | Ozkan et al. | 2019 | R | 131 | CKD | 34 HC | PCPE-1 | PCPE-1 |
| [34] | Basturk et al. | 2020 | R | 45 | CKD | 16 HC | PTX-2 | Pentraxin-2 (PTX-2) |
| [35] | Bieniaś et al. | 2020 | R | 45 | Unilateral hydronephrosis (children) | 21 HC | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 | MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 |
| [36] | Ihara et al. | 2020 | PR | 1181 | Type II diabetes | NA | WFDC2, MMP-7 | WFDC2 and MMP-7 |
| [37] | Zhang et al. | 2020 | R | 202 | IgA nephropathy (43), MN (42), DN (28), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (21), MCD (16), ANCA-associated nephritis (12), minor histopathology abnormality (11), LN (8), FSGS (5), renal amyloidosis (5), cast nephropathy (5), ORG (2), TMA (2), ATN (1), uric acid nephropathy (1) | 30 HC | LOX | LOX |
| [38] | Musiał et al. | 2020 | R | 70 | Children with CKD: obstructive uropathy (23), hypo-/dysplastic kidneys (15), reflux nephropathy (14), PKD (4), other genetic disorders (5), AKI (4), and unknown factors (5) | 12 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and normal kidney function | MCP-1, MCSF, TIMP-2, BIRC5 | MCP-1, MCSF, TIMP-2, BIRC5 |
| [39] | Schrauben et al. | 2020 | PR | 894 | DN | NA | KIM-1, TNFR-1, TNFR-2, MCP-1, suPAR, YKL-40 | KIM-1, TNFR-1, TNFR-2, MCP-1, suPAR, YKL-40 |
| [40] | Genovese et al. | 2020 | PR | 500 | CKD | NA | Pro-C3, C3M | Pro-C3, C3M |
| [41] | Jie et al. | 2021 | R | 168 | CKD | NA | UMOD | UMOD |
| [42] | Schmidt et al. | 2021 | R | 973 | CKD | snRNA-seq dataset derived from 3 healthy kidneys | CDH11, SMOC2, PEDF, MGP, TSP-2 | CDH11, SMOC2, and PEDF |
| [43] | Sun et al. | 2021 | R | 47 | CKD | 60 HC | RelB, HE4 | RelB, HE4 |
| [44] | Sparding et al. | 2021 | R | 96 | IgA nephropathy (49), ANCA-associated vasculitis (47) | 85 IgAN (validation cohort), 10 HC | ETP (Pro-C6) | ETP (Pro-C6) |
| [45] | Gutiérrez et al. | 2021 | PR | 594 | Type II diabetes | NA | TNFR1, TNFR2, suPAR, MCP-1, YKL-40, KIM-1 | TNFR1, TNFR2, YKL-40 |
| [46] | Liu et al. | 2021 | post hoc | 231 | Type II diabetes and stage 3 CKD | NA | PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, MCD, FGF2, GMCSF, INFα2, MCP-3, IL-12p70, sCD40L, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, NGAL, cystatin C | |
| [47] | Genovese et al. | 2021 | R | 40 | LN | SLE without LN (20), HC (20), biopsy-proven histologic kidney inflammation/damage without SLE (10) | Pro-C3, Pro-C6 | Pro-C6 |
| [48] | Naicker et al. | 2021 | R | 25 | HIV-positive CKD | 25 HIV-positive without CKD, 24 HC | NGAL, cystatin C, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, BMP-7 | NGAL, cystatin C, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, BMP-7 |
| [49] | Enoksen et al. | 2021 | PR | 1302 | NA, general population | NA | MMP-2, MMP-7, TIMP1 | MMP-7 |
| [50] | Chan et al. | 2022 | R | 132 | Renal transplant recipients | NA | UMOD | UMOD |
| [51] | Sciascia et al. | 2022 | PR | 132 | 75 SLE, 57 SLE with LN | 50 HC | DKK-3 | DKK-3 |
(MMP-7 = matrix metalloproteinase 7; C3M = MMP-mediated degradation of collagen type III; Pro-C3 = pro-peptide of type III collagen; C4M = MMP-mediated degradation of collagen type IV; C5M = MMP-mediated degradation of collagen type V; Pro-C6 = pro-peptide of type VI collagen; C6M = MMP-mediated degradation of collagen type VI; HA = hyaluronic acid; Bcl-3 = B cell lymphoma 3; WISP-1 = WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1; HE4 = human epididymis secretory protein 4; LAMC1 = laminin subunit gamma 1; Bmi-1 = polycomb complex protein BMI-1; miR-181 = microRNA-181; VASH-1 = vasohibin-1; SIRT1 = sirtuin 1; HIF1α = hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; CRP = C-reactive Protein; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β1 = transforming growth factor β1; PCPE-1 = procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1; PTX-2 = pentraxin-2; MMP-1 = matrix metalloproteinase 1; MMP-2 = matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP-9 = matrix metalloproteinase 9; TIMP-1 = tissue inhibitor of matrix metallopeptidase 1; TIMP-2 = tissue inhibitor of matrix metallopeptidase 2; WFDC2 = WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2; LOX = lysyl oxidase; MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCSF = macrophage colony-stimulating factor; BIRC5 = surviving; KIM-1 = kidney injury molecule-1; TNF-R1 = tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNF-R2 = tumor necrosis factor receptor 2; suPAR = soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; YKL-40 = chitinase 3-like 1; UMOD = uromodulin; CDH11 = cadherin-11; SMOC2 = sparc-related modular calcium binding protein-2; PEDF = pigment epithelium-derived factor; MGP = matrix-Gla protein; TSP2 = thrombospondin-2; RelB = transcription factor RelB; ETP = endotrophin; PDGF-AA = platelet-derived growth factor AA; PDGF-BB = platelet-derived growth factor BB; FGF-2 = fibroblast growth factor 2; MDC = macrophage-derived chemokine; GMCSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFNα2 = interferon α2; MCP-3 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-3; IL-12p70 = interleukin 12p70; sCD40L = soluble cluster of differentiation 40-ligand; IL-2 = interleukin 2; IL-6 = interleukin 6; IL-8 = interleukin 8; MIP-1α = macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; NGAL = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TGF-β2 = transforming growth factor β2; TGF-β3 = transforming growth factor β3; BMP-7 = bone morphogenetic protein 7; DKK-3 = dickkopf-related protein 3; AKI = acute kidney injury; CKD = chronic kidney disease; FSGF = focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; DN = diabetic nephropathy; MCD = minimal change disease; MN = membranous nephropathy; TBMD = thin basement membrane disease; MPGN = membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis; LN = lupus nephritis; GN = crescentic glomerulonephritis; ATN = acute tubular necrosis; ORG = obesity-related glomerulopathy; TMA = thrombotic microangiopathy; PKD = polycystic kidney disease; NA = not applicable).