Table 1.

m⁶A methylation regulator-guided epigenetic modification in AS and AD.

Atherosclerotic Process	m6A Regulators	Expression	Target Gene	Main Function	Reference
AS	METTL3	↑	LRP6 and DVL1	Enhances translation of LRP6 and DVL1, modulates Wnt signaling, and thus exerts angiogenic effects	[84]
	METTL3	↑	PGC-1α mRNA	Promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and ox-LDL-induced inflammation	[73]
	METTL3	↓	JAK2/STAT3	Alleviates ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell dysfunction, prevents in vivo angiogenesis of developing embryos, and hinders progression in AS mice models	[85]
	METTL3	↑	NLRP1 and KLF4	Up-regulates NLRP1, down-regulates KLF4, hypermethylates m6A, and triggers atherosclerotic response	[86]
	METTL3	↑	miR-375-3p/PDK1	Makes AS plaques more vulnerable	[87]
	METTL3	↑	EGFR	Promotes EGFR degradation and alleviates endothelial atherogenic progression	[88]
	METTL14	↑	FOXO1	Increases FOXO1 m6A methylation, aggravates endothelial inflammation and AS	[89]
	METTL14	↓	miR-19a	Inhibits the proliferation and invasion of ASVEC	[90]
	METTL14	↑	LncRNA ZFAS1	Plays a vital role in AS	[91]
	METTL14	↓	p65 mRNA	Relieves the development of AS	[92]
	METTL14	↓	NF-κB/IL-6	Reduces the inflammation response of macrophages and the development of AS plaques	[72]
	FTO	↑	Not known	Modulates neointima formation in vivo	[81]
	FTO	↓	NR4A3	Alleviates AngII-induced VSMC proliferation and inflammatory response	[80]
	ALKBH5	↓	HIF1α	Inhibits the expression of MIAT induced by ox-LDL	[42]
CHD	METTL3	↑	TFEB	Promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[8]
	WTAP	↑	ATF4	Promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, aggravates myocardial I/R injury	[93]
	FTO	↑	SERCA2A MYH6/7 RYR2	Reverses ischemic damage	[94]
	FTO	↑	MHRT	Inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[95]
	ALKBH5	↓	TFEB	Promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[8]
	ALKBH5	↑	WNT5A	Regulates angiogenesis after ischemia	[96]
IS	METTL3	↑	miR-335	Promotes formation of SG and reduces damage of IS	[97]
	YTHDC1	↑	Not known	Protects rats from brain damage	[98]

↑, high expression; ↓, low expression; AS, atherosclerosis; METTL3, methyltransferase-like 3; LRP6, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; DVL1, dishevelled 1; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; NLRP1, NOD-like receptor protein 1; KLF4, Kruppel-like factor 4; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1; ASVEC, atherosclerotic vascular endothelial cell; LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; ZFAS1, Zinc finger NFX type 1 antisense RNA 1; FTO, fat mass and obesity-related protein; NR4A3, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3; ALKBH5, alkylation repair homologous protein 5; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; CHD, coronary artery heart disease; MIAT, myocardial infarction-associated transcript; TFEB, transcription factor EB; WTAP, Wilms tumor 1-associated protein; ATF4, activated transcription factor 4; SERCA2A, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase; MYH6/7, myosin heavy chain 6/7; RYR2, ryanodine receptor 2; MHRT, myosin heavy chain-related RNA transcript; WNT5A, WNT family member 5A; IS, ischemic stroke; SG, stress granule; YTHDC1, YTH Domain Containing 1.