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. 2022 Nov 12;7(11):371. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110371

Table 1.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in the included studies on nutritional status.

Parasite Study (Year)
Country		 Stunting (HAZ < −2SD) Wasting (WHZ < −2SD) Underweight (WAZ < −2SD) Undernutrition (HAZ, WHZ, WAZ < −2SD)
Infected Non-Infected Crude OR (95% CI), p-Value Adjusted OR (95% CI), p-Value Infected Non-Infected Crude OR (95% CI), p-Value Adjusted OR (95% CI), p-Value Infected Non-Infected Crude OR (95% CI), p-Value Adjusted OR (95% CI), p-Value Infected Non-Infected Crude OR (95% CI), p-Value Adjusted OR (95% CI), p-Value
All (not specified) Doni (2015) [50]
Şanlıurfa, Turkey		 42/58 19/50 4.28 (1.90, 0.0004 N/A
Haratipour (2016) [38]
Shahroud, Iran		 87/649 68/1201 2.58 (1.85, 3.60), <0.00001 N/A
Hegazy (2014) [39]
Damanhur City El-Behera Governorate, Egypt		 9/259 3/241 2.98 (0.80, 11.12), 0.100 N/A 11/259 15/241 0.70 (0.31, 1.55), 0.38 N/A 36/259 13/241 2.96 (1.53, 5.72), 0.001 N/A
Vonaesch (2017) [40]
Bangui, Central African Republic		 28/148 29/266 1.91 (1.09, 3.35), 0.025 0.370 *
Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 178/303 66/319 5.46 (3.83, 7.78), <0.00001 N/A
Afridi (2020) [42]
Skardu, Pakistan		 35/161 12/139 2.94 (1.46, 5.92), 0.003 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 167/301 75/286 3.51 (2.48, 4.97), <0.00001 N/A 57/301 20/286 3.11 (1.81, 5.32), <0.0001 N/A 91/301 38/286 2.83 (1.86, 4.31), <0.00001 N/A
Silva (2009) [47]
Itinga, Vale of Jequitinhonha, Brazil		 116/378 148/653 1.51 (1.14, 2.01), 0.0005 N/A
Suchdev (2014) [48]
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya		 27/82 32/123 1.40 (0.76, 2.57), 0.290 N/A
Zulkifli (1999) [49]
Kelantan, Malaysia		 94/127 71/141 2.81 (1.68, 4.70), <0.00001 N/A 22/127 25/141 0.97 (0.52, 1.83), 0.93 N/A 91/127 71/141 2.49 (1.50, 4.14), 0.0004 N/A
Ascaris lumbricoides Aiemjoy (2017) [36]
Amhara, Ethiopia		 3/23 22/178 1.06 (0.29, 3.88), 0.93 1.44 (0.39, 5.41), 0.59 + 3/23 17/178 1.42 (0.38, 5.28), 0.60 2.54 (1.02, 6.32), 0.045 + 0/23 16/178 0.21 (0.01, 3.61), 0.28 N/A
Gutiérrez-Jiménez (2019) [37]
Chiapas Highlands, Mexico		 38/48 29/36 0.92 (0.31, 2.70), 0.88 N/A
Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 62/67 182/555 25.41 (10.04, 64.30), 0.00001 N/A
Afridi (2020) [42]
Skardu, Pakistan		 7/60 40/233 0.64 (0.27, 1.50), 0.30 N/A
Aswatshi (1997) [43]
Lucknow, India		 74/124 577/916 0.87 (0.59, 1.28), 0.47 N/A 24/124 254/916 0.63 (0.39, 1.00) 0.05 N/A 77/124 626/916 0.76 (0.51, 1.12), 0.160 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 135/252 107/345 2.46 (1.75, 3.45), <0.00001 N/A 47/252 30/335 2.33 (1.43, 3.81), 0.0007 N/A 76/252 54/345 2.25 (1.51, 3.34), <0.00001 N/A
Silva (2009) [47]
Itinga, Vale of Jequitinhonha, Brazil		 46/115 218/916 2.13 (1.43, 3.19), 0.0002 N/A
Suchdev (2014) [48]
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya		 18/50 41/155 1.56 (0.79, 3.08), 0.20 N/A
Zulkifli (1999) [49]
Kelantan, Malaysia		 34/48 161/220 0.89 (0.45, 1.77), 0.74 N/A
Cryptosporidium sp. Afridi (2020) [42]
Skardu, Pakistan		 9/42 38/258 1.58 (0.70, 3.56), 0.27 N/A
Entamoeba
histolytica 		Gutiérrez-Jiménez (2019) [47]
Chiapas highland, Mexico		 26/32 41/52 1.16 (0.38, 3.53), 0.79 N/A
Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 21/29 223/593 4.36 (1.90, 10.00), 0.0005 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 8/11 234/576 3.90 (1.02, 14.84), 0.05 N/A 1/11 76/576 0.66 (0.08, 5.21), 0.69 N/A 5/11 125/576 3.01 (0.90, 10.01), 0.07 N/A
Enterobius vermicularis Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 2/6 240/581 0.71 (0.13, 3.91), 0.69 N/A 1/6 76/581 1.33 (0.15, 11.53), 0.80 N/A 1/6 129/581 0.70 (0.08, 6.05), 0.75 N/A
Haratipour (2016) [38]
Shahroud, Iran		 69/230 86/1620 7.64 (5.36, 10.91), <0.00001 N/A
Giardia lamblia
Aiemjoy (2017) [36]
Amhara, Ethiopia		 4/22 21/189 1.78 (0.55, 5.75), 0.34 2.13 (0.83, 5.43) 0.11+ 5/22 15/189 3.41 (1.10, 10.54), 0.03 9.50 (3.61, 24.98), <0.0001 + 2/22 14/189 1.25 (0.26, 5.90), 0.78 1.26 (0.34, 4.62), 0.76 +
Vonaesch (2017) [40]
Bangui, Central African Republic		 15/148 17/266 1.65 (0.80, 3.41), 0.175 0.801 *
Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 56/65 188/557 12.21 (5.91, 25.23), <0.00001 N/A
Afridi (2020) [42]
Skardu, Pakistan		 8/24 39/276 3.04 (1.22, 7.58), 0.02 N/A
Aswatshi (1997) [43]
Lucknow, India		 34/60 617/980 0.77 (0.45, 1.30), 0.33 N/A 20/60 258/980 1.40 (0.80, 2.44), 0.240 N/A 40/60 663/980 0.96 (0.55, 1.66), 0.870 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 18/26 224/561 3.39 (1.45, 7.92), 0.005 N/A 3/26 74/561 0.86 (0.25, 2.93), 0.81 N/A 11/26 119/561 2.72 (1.22, 6.09), 0.010 N/A
Gutiérrez-Jiménez (2019) [38]
Chiapas Highlands, Mexico		 12/14 55/70 1.64 (0.33, 8.12), 0.55 N/A
Sajjadi (2005) [46]
Marvdhast, Iran		 9/71 18/229 1.70 (0.73, 3.98), 0.22 N/A 3/71 0/229 23.45 (1.20, 459.63), 0.04 N/A 8/71 10/219 2.78 (1.05, 7.34), 0.04 N/A
Ignatius (2012) [44]
Butare and Huye, Rwanda		 84/325 33/165 1.39 (0.88, 2.20), 0.15 N/A
Hookworm Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 44/49 200/573 16.41 (6.41, 42.05) <0.00001 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 7/17 301/570 0.63 (0.23, 1.67), 0.350 N/A 5/17 72/570 2.88 (0.99, 8.42), 0.045 N/A 7/17 301/570 0.63 (0.23, 1.67), 0.350 N/A
Silva (2009) [47]
Itinga, Vale of Jequitinhonha, Brazil		 24/121 240/910 0.69 (0.43, 1.11), 0.12 N/A
Zulkifli (1999) [49]
Kelantan, Malaysia		 8/10 187/258 1.52 (0.31, 7.32), 0.60
Hymenolepsis nana Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 4/6 238/581 2.88 (0.52, 15.86), 0.220 N/A 1/6 128/581 0.71 (0.08, 6.11), 0.750 N/A 2/6 128/581 1.77 (0.32, 9.77), 0.510 N/A
Afridi (2020) [42]
Skardu, Pakistan		 11/28 36/272 4.24 (1.84, 9.78), 0.0007 N/A
Strongyloides sterocalis Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 5/10 239/612 1.56 (0.45, 5.45), 0.490 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 1/1 241/586 4.29 (0.17, 105.80), 0.37 N/A 0/1 77/586 2.19 (0.09, 54.27), 0.63 N/A 0/1 128/586 1.19 (0.05, 29.37), 0.92 N/A
Taenia spp. Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 4/8 240/614 1.56 (0.39, 6.29), 0.530 N/A
Trichuris trichiura Yoseph (2020) [41]
Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia		 27/38 217/484 3.02 (1.46, 6.23) 0.003 N/A
Kabeta (2017) [45]
Hawasa Zuria, South Ethiopia		 3/11 239/576 0.53 (0.14, 2.01), 0.350 N/A 4/11 73/576 3.94 (1.12, 13.78), 0.030 N/A 2/11 128/576 0.78 (0.17, 3.65), 0.75 N/A
Silva (2009) [47]
Itinga, Vale of Jequitinhonha, Brazil		 23/51 148/653 2.52 (1.42, 4.46), 0.002 N/A
Suchdev (2014) [48]
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya		 13/47 46/158 0.93 (0.45, 1.92), 0.85
Zulkifli (1999) [49]
Kelantan, Malaysia		 25/37 170/231 0.75 (0.35, 1.58), 0.45 N/A

+ Mixed-effect logistic regression model with random effects for community, adjusted for household income. * OR adjusted for age category, gender, weight-for-height z-score, positive for bacterial culture, N/A: Not Available.