Table 3.
Laboratory findings in those COVID-19 pediatric patients hospitalized during the first five waves of the pandemic according to the Kruskal–Wallis and chi-squared tests.
| First Wave n = 112 |
Second Wave n = 175 |
Third Wave n = 195 |
Fourth Wave n = 511 |
Fifth Wave n = 414 |
p-Value | Post Hoc Analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP (mg/dL) (normal value = 0–5 mg/dL) |
2.05 (1–9) |
2.1 (1–12.6) |
2.05 (1–14) |
2.9 (1–10) |
3.7 (1–11) |
0.11 # | |
| CRP >5 mg/dL | 37 (38) | 57 (38) | 67 (36) | 187 (38) | 160 (41) | 0.799 * | |
| Leukocytes (103/μL) (normal value = 6–10 × 103/μL) |
6.4 (5–8.1) |
8.2 (6–11.6) |
8.9 (6.1–12.5) |
8.0 (5.8–11) |
7.75 (5.9–11.2) |
<0.001 # | 1 vs. 2: <0.001 1 vs. 3: <0.001 1 vs. 4: <0.001 1 vs. 5: <0.001 |
| Leukocytes (103/μL) | |||||||
| <4.5 | 18 (18) | 19 (13) | 19 (10) | 59 (12) | 35 (9) | ||
| 4.5–13.5 | 79 (78) | 106(69) | 131(69) | 368 (75%) | 301(37) | ||
| >13.5 | 4 (4) | 27 (18) | 39 (21) | 63 (13) | 54 (14) | ||
| Neutrophils (103/μL) (normal value = 1.5–7 × 103/μL) |
2.89 (1.8–4.2) |
2.62 (1.2–4.7) |
2.62 (1.4–4.9) |
2.59 (1.6–4.7) |
2.7 (1.6–4.8) |
0.925 # | |
| Neutrophils (103/μL) | 0.016 * | ||||||
| <1.0 | 7 (8) | 26 (18) | 29 (16) | 65 (13) | 45 (12) | ||
| 1.0–6.5 | 79 (87.6) | 95 (64) | 119 (68) | 348 (74) | 284 (73) | ||
| >6.5 | 4 (4.4) | 26 (18) | 28 (16) | 64 (13) | 57 (15) | ||
| Lymphocytes (103/μL) (normal value = 2.5–8.5 × 103/μL) |
2.3 (1.5–3.2) |
3.46 (2.1–5.3) |
3.96 (2.4–6.4) |
3.61 (2.1–5.7) |
3.39 (1.7–5.7) |
<0.001 # | 1 vs. 2: <0.001 1 vs. 3: <0.001 1 vs. 4: <0.001 1 vs. 5: <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (103/μL) | <0.001 * | ||||||
| <1.0 | 10 (11) | 12 (8) | 6 (3.4) | 25 (5.3) | 43 (11) | ||
| 1.0–7.0 | 78 (26) | 117 (80) | 139 (77) | 381 (80.4) | 297 (75) | ||
| >7.0 | 3 (3) | 17 (12) | 33 (19) | 68 (14.3) | 48 (24) | ||
| Blood platelets (103/μL) (normal value = 210–560 × 103/μL) |
247 (192–298) |
309 (247–411) |
303 (243–360) |
279 (215–363) |
281 (222–351) |
<0.001 # | 1 vs. 2: <0.001 1 vs. 3: <0.001 1 vs. 4: 0.005 1 vs. 5: 0.01 |
| Blood platelets < 100 × 10³/μL | 4 (4) | 3 (2) | 3 (1.6) | 10 (2) | 3 (0.8) | 0.265 * | |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) (normal value = 0–55 U/L) |
16 (12–24) |
18 (12–28) |
19 (13–29) |
20 (13–29) |
22 (15–32) |
<0.001 # | 5 vs. 1: <0.001 5 vs. 2: 0.015 5 vs. 3: 0.03 5 vs. 4: 0.017 |
| Alanine transaminase >55 (U/L) |
3 (3.2) | 9 (6.3) | 8 (4.5) | 21 (4.5) | 33 (8) | 0.065 * | |
| Creatinine kinase (U/L) (normal value = 30–170 U/L) |
80 (55–114) |
84 (63–125)] |
108 (71–157) |
94 (65–146) |
115 (83–168) |
<0.001 # | 5 vs. 1: <0.001 5 vs. 2: <0.001 5 vs. 4: <0.001 |
| Creatinine kinase | |||||||
| 170 (U/L) | 5 (9.4) | 12 (12.5) | 31 (19) | 66 (15.3) | 82 (24) | 0.005 * | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/L) (normal value = 125–220 (U/L) |
238.5 (192–293) |
268.5 (210–311) |
286.0 (236–323) |
272.0 (221–313) |
293.0 (252–333) |
<0.001 # | 1 vs. 3: <0.001 1 vs. 4: 0.023 1 vs. 5: <0.001 5 vs. 2: 0.001 5 vs. 4: <0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase >220 IU/L |
51 (57) | 101 (70) | 148 (88) | 316 (85) | 280 (86) | <0.001 * | |
| D-dimers (ng/mL) (normal value = 0–500 ng/mL) |
407 (256–694) |
582 (377–1142) |
471 (294–908) |
559 (331–1082) |
611 (397–1065) |
<0.001 # | 1 vs. 2: 0.004 1 vs. 4: 0.004 1 vs. 5: <0.001 |
| D-dimers > 500 ng/mL | 33 (38) | 80 (60) | 72 (47) | 205 (54) | 184 (61) | <0.001 * |
* Chi-squared test, data are presented as n (%); # Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, data are presented as the median (25th–75th percentile).