Table 1.
Main hematological studies and their characteristics found through our research.
| Author | Date | Refineries Site | Cohort | Age | Distance from Refineries | Exposure Time | Observational Time | Outcome in Exposed Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data studies | ||||||||
| D’andrea et al. [55] | 2013 | Texas City, USA | 200 (100 exposed) | All | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↑ WBCs, PLTs, ALP and AST; ↓BUN and creatinine. Adults vs. Children (exposed): ↑ Hb, HCT, ALT, creatinine, beta2-microglobulin and urinary phenol; ↓ PLTs and ALP |
| D’andrea et al. [57] | April-16 | Texas City, USA | 2213 (1826 exposed) | Adults | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↑ WBCs, PLTs, creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP |
| D’andrea et al. [58] | December-14 | Texas City, USA | 1422 non-smokers (1093 exposed) | Adults | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↑ WBCs, PLTs, Hb, HCT, BUN, ALP, AST and ALT |
| D’andrea et al. [59] | October-17 | Texas City, USA | 791 smokers (733 exposed) | Adults | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↑WBCs, PLTs, ALP, AST and ALT |
| D’andrea et al. [60] | February-14 | Texas City, USA | 312 (157 exposed) | Children (<17) | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↓ WBCs; ↑ PLTs, ALP, AST, ALT and creatinine; Neurological, respiratory and dermatological symptoms |
| D’andrea et al. [61] | March-16 | Texas City, USA | 899 (641 exposed) | Children (<17) | <48 km | 40 days | 2010–2012 | ↓WBCs, HCT, Hb and BUN; ↑ PLTs, ALP, AST and ALT |
| Lee et al. [69] | November-02 | Ulsan, Korea | 192 (97 exposed) | Children (8–11) | <16 km | 4–11 years | 2000 | In April measurement: ↓ WBCs, absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count, RBCs, PTLs and Hb. In July measurement: no differences. In October measurement: ↓ RBCs and Hb. |
| Pelallo-Martinez et al. [70] | July-14 | Coatzacoalcos, Mexico | 102 | Children (6–12) | ~7 km | 6–12 years | NS | Negative correlation between urinary t,t-MA and WBCs and RBCs count |
| Chen et al. [72] | April-19 | Nanjing, China | 421 (240 exposed) | Adults (50–71) | ~3 km | 5–71 years | 2016 | ↓ Neutrophil counts, RBC counts, Hb concentration, HCT percentage, MCHC levels and PLT counts; ↑ monocyte and basophil counts |
| Li et al. [73] | June-19 | Jilin, China | 499 | Adults | NS | >5 years | 2016 | ↑ Detection rate of blood benzene; changes in urinary WBC related to benzene |
| Silva et al. [74] | August-19 | Campos Elíseos district, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil | 190 | Adults | <1 km | >3 months | 2016–2017 | Association between detectable S-PMA and variant allele in NQO1 with hematological abnormalities |
| Epidemiological studies | ||||||||
| Barregard et al. [83] | November-09 | Lysekil, Sweden | NS | NS | <5 km | NS | 1975–2004 | ↑ Incidence of leukemia |
| Axelsson et al. [84] | September-10 | Stenungsund, Sweden | NS | NS | NS | NS | 1974–2005 | No evidence of increased risk of leukemia and lymphoma |
| Beale et al. [85] | September-10 | Utah, USA | NS | NS | <5 km | NS | 1973–2006 | Increased risk of NHL; no evidence of increased risk of HL, MM and leukemia |
| Hurtig et al. [86] | 2004 | Ecuador | 357,000 ca | Children (0–14) | NS | NS | 1985–2000 | ↑ Risk of childhood leukemia |
| Weng et al. [87] | January-08 | Taiwan | NS | Children (0–19) | NS | NS | 1995–2005 | ↑ Incidence of childhood leukemia |
| Yu et al. [88] | August-06 | Taiwan | NS | All (0–19; 20–29) | 657.1 km2 | NS | 1997–2003 | ↑ Risk leukemia risk in 20–29 y.o. subjects |
| Lyons et al. [89] | April-95 | Baglan Bay, South Wales | NS | 0–24 | 1.5–3 km | NS | 1974–1991 | No augmented incidence of leukemias and lymphomas |
| Sans et al. [90] | April-95 | Baglan Bay, South Wales | 115,000 ca | All | 7.5 km | NS | 1974–1984 (incidence) 1981–1991 (mortality) | Augmented incidence of all tumors |
| Micheli et al. [91] | December-14 | Falconara, Italy | 526 (177 HM related deaths) | NS | 65 km2 | NS | 1994–2003 | ↑ Risk of death from leukemia or NHL in females and retired-homemaker-unemployed category |
| Salerno et al. [92] | 2013 | Cerano, Italy | NS | NS | <3 km | NS | 2003–2009 | ↑ Incidence of MM in women and leukemic lymphoid neoplasm in women and men |
| Dahlgren et al. [93] | November-08 | Sugar Creek, Missouri | 4500 ca | NS | 1.6 km | NS | NS | ↑Prevalence for Hodgkin’s disease |
| Ramis et al. [94] | February-12 | 10 site in Spain | 1,744,988 | NS | 10 km | NS | 1997–2006 | Possible increased risk of NHL mortality, no gradient with increasing distance |