Key to Tolypocladium species worldwide
Sexual state observed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Sexual state not observed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27
	1a. Perithecia superficial or half-immersed ……………………………………………………………………………………………..2
	1b. Perithecia completely immersed………………………………………………………………………………………3
	2a. Perithecia pyriform, relatively larger, 520–550 × 260–280 µm, asci relatively larger, 400–450 × 7–7.5 µm, part spores 2.5–3.0 × 3.0 µm, on cicada nymphs, stromata relatively longer, 14 cm long……………………………………………………………………………………………………………T. inegoense
	2b. Perithecia ovoid, relatively smaller, 320–380 × 220–280 µm, asci cylindrical, smaller, 240–250 × 6 µm, not dissociate into part spores, on Elaphomyces, stromata shorter, 3.5–4.5 cm long……………………………T. ramosum
	3a. Perithecia ellipsoid, subglobose to ovoid…………………………………………………………………………………….4
	3b. Perithecia ampullaceous……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26
	4a. From multiple substrate/host (beetle or moth larvae, Larvae of Scarabaeidae (sexual morph); soil, humus, Picea glauca, roots of Picea mariana, the surface of Mycobates sp. (Acari, Mycobatidae), the sclerotium of Ophiocordyceps gracilis (asexual morph)………………………………………………………………….………..T. inflatum
	4b. From simple substrate/host…………………………………………………………………………………………….5
	5a. On beetle or unidentified host……………………………………………………………………………………………6
	5b. On Elaphomyces…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
	6a. On the unidentified host, asci relatively wider, 10–15 µm…………………………………………………T. cucullae
	6b. On beetle, asci narrower than 10 µm………………………………………………………………………………….7
	7a. Stromata was connected to the host through a yellowish rhizomorph-like structure………………..T. fumosum
	7b. Stromata arising directly from the host, never rhizomorphic……………………………………………………….8
	8a. Part spores short cylindrical, truncate at both ends, 3–5 × 1.5–2 µm……………………………….…T. paradoxum
	8b. Part spores very short, almost cuboid in side view, without flattened ends, 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–1.7 µm…………………………………………………………………………………………………T. toriharamontanum
	9a. Stromata clavate, the fertile part not abruptly enlarged from the stipe………………………………………….10
	9b. Stromata capitate, the fertile part spherical, oval or cylindrical abruptly enlarged from the stipe………………17
	10a. Stromata size relatively larger, 10–12 cm long………………………..…………………………………T. jezoense
	10b. Stromata size < 10 cm………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
	11a. Part spores articulate, moniliform……………………………………………………………………T. szemaoense
	11b. Part spores cylindrical……………………………………………………………………………………………….12
	12a. Stromata was connected to the host through a rhizomorph-like structure……………………………………………..13
	12b. Stromata arising directly from the host, never rhizomorphic…………………………………………………….14
	13a. Fertile part yellowish-green when young, turning olive-green as it matures, perithecia relatively smaller, 480–590 × 195–235 μm…………………………………………………………………………………T. bacillisporum
	13b. Fertile part reddish brown to olivaceous brown, perithecia larger, 600–800 × 250–500 µm…T. ophioglossoides
	14a. Fertile part black, yellow black, dark chestnut brown when dried……………………………..………………15
	14b. Fertile part pale bluish to grayish blue………………………………………………………T. valvatistipitatum
	15a. Perithecia ≤ 700 µm long…………………………………………..…………………………………………………16
	15b. Perithecia > 700 µm long (750–1000 × 250–300 µm)……………..…………………………………T. tenuisporum
	16a. Perithecia relatively narrower, 567–697 × 206–248 µm, part spores smaller, 2–5 × 1.5–2 µm, stromata 1.5–3 cm long…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……T. flavonigrum
	16b. Perithecia relatively wider, 500–700 × 250–350 µm, part spores larger, 10–18 × 2.5–4 µm, stromata 2.5–7 cm long………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…T. japonicum
	17a. Perithecia larger………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
	17b. Perithecia smaller, 400 × 250 µm…………………………………………………………………….………T. virens
	18a. Stromata 12 cm long, part spores very long, 40–65 µm long.………………………………..T. longisegmentatum
	18b. Stromata shorter than 12 cm, part spores < 40 µm long……………………………………………………………19
	19a. Part spores ≤ 8 µm long……………………………………………………………………………………………….20
	19b. Part spores > 8 µm long…………………………………………………………………………………………….…22
	20a. Asci shorter than 300 µm (240–300 × 7–8 µm), perithecia relatively smaller (450–540 × 230–260 µm).…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…T. intermedium
	20b. Asci longer than 300 µm, perithecia larger……………………………………………………………………..…21
	21a. Stipe slender, 0.5–1.0 mm thick, yellowish green to olivaceous, stromata shorter, 1.5–2.5 cm long, part spores, 2–5 × 1.5–2 µm…………………………………………………………………………………………………T. fractum
	21b. Stipe 1–5 mm thick, dark brown, smooth or furfuraceous, stromata 5–7 cm long, part spores longer, 3–8 × 2 µm……………………………………………………………………………………………………………T. valliforme
	22a. Perithecia < 550 µm long (480–540 µm)……………………………………………………….T. delicatistipitatum
	22b. Perithecia > 550 µm long……………………………………………………………………………………………..23
	23a. Part spores < 15 µm long (8–11 µm)………………………………………………………………..T. miomoteanum
	23b. Part spores ≥ 15 µm long…………………………………………………………………………….……………….24
	24a. Part spores < 3 µm wide……………………………………………………………………………………………..25
	24b. Part spores ≥ 3 µm wide (3.0–4.5 µm)…………………………………………………………T. inusitaticapitatum
	25a. Fertile part olive-brown to olive-black, perithecia relatively larger, 650–950 × 250–420 µm, asci wider, 350–540 × 10–12 μm, part spores cylindrical or somewhat fusoid, 8–25 × 2.5–3 µm……………..……………T. capitatum
	25b. Fertile part purple-brown, blacker when older, perithecia smaller, 600–750 × 200–300 µm, asci slender, 350–500 × 8–10 µm, part spores filiform, spindle-shaped, 15–20 × 2–3 µm……………………………….T. rouxii
	26a. Perithecia relatively shorter, 520–740 × 300–330 μm, part spores cylindrical, 3–7 × 2–3 μm, on cicada nymphs……………………………………………………………………………………………………T. dujiaolongae
	26b. Perithecia relatively longer, 900–930 × 220–250 µm, part spores fusoid, 16–18 × 3 µm, on Elaphomyces…………………………………………………………………………………………………………T. minazukiense
	27a. From multiple substrate/host…………………………………………………………………………………..……28 (T. album, T. cylindrosporum, T. inflatum, T. pustulatum, T. subparadoxum)
	27b. From only a type of substrate/host………………………………………………………………………………….31
	28a. Phialides cylindrical…….……………………………………………………………………………………………29
	28b. Phialides ellipsoidal to subglobos…………………………………………………………….…T. cylindrosporum
	29a. Colonies white, conidia globose to ovoid (phialides 3.5–10 × 1–1.5 µm, conidia 3.5 × 1.5–2.0 µm)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………T. album
	29b. Colonies white to pale yellow, conidia ellipsoidal, globose or broadly ellipsoidal……………………………30
	30a. Phialides 4–10 × 2–4 µm, conidia 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 µm…………………………………………………T. pustulatum
	30b. Phialides 5.4–40.1 × 0.9–1.8 μm, conidia larger, 2.6–6.5 × 1–2.9 μm……………………………T. subparadoxum
	31a. From substrate…………………………………………………………………………………………………….….32
	31b. On insects……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
	32a. Substrate is not fungus………………………………………………………………………………………………33
	32b. Substrate is fungus……………………………………………………………………………………………………43
	33a. From plant tissue……………………………………………………………………………………..………………34 (T. amazonense, T. endophyticum, T. ovalisporum, T. tropicale)
	33b. From soil…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37 (T. geodes, T. microsporum, T. nubicola, T. pseudoalbum, T. terricola, T. tundrense, T. yunnanense)
	34a. Conidia relatively more minor (globose,1.3 µm diam)……………………………………………………….T. endophyticum
	34b. Conidia larger, diam > 1.3 µm……………………………………………………………………………….………35
	35a. Conidia > 4 µm long (4.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.5 µm)…………..………………………………………………T. ovalisporum
	35b. Conidia < 4 µm long……………………………………………………………………………………………….…36
	36a. Phialides 4.6 ± 1.2 × 1.5 ± 0.3µm, conidia spherical, larger, 2.1–2.2 µm diam……………………….T. amazonense
	36b. Phialide 4.6 × 1.5 µm, conidia spherical, relatively smaller, 1.5 ± 0.1 µm diam………………………………T. tropicale
	37a. Phialides cylindrical………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
	37b. Phialides subglobose or ellipsoidal…………………………………………………………………………………41
	38a. Conidia ellipsoidal, globose or broadly ellipsoidal………………………………………………….……………39
	38b. Conidia asymmetrically flattened, with a minute apical……………………………………….…T. microsporum
	39a. Colonies white………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40
	39b. Colonies white or pale yellow (Phialides 12.3–48.5 × 1.0–2.0 μm, conidia smaller, 1.8–3.4 × 1.3–1.9 μm)………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….T. pseudoalbum
	40a. Phialides shorter, 5.6–12.4 × 1.4–2.4 µm, conidia 1.9–2.4 × 1.6–2.0 µm………………………………………………..T. geodes
	40b. Phialides longer, 7.6–62.6 × 0.9–2.3 μm, conidia 1.2–2.4 × 0.9–1.9 μm……………………………………..T. yunnanense
	41a. Conidia only one type…………………………………………………………………………..……………………42
	41b. Conidia two types (microconidia ellipsoidal or reniform, 2.3–4.2 × 1.3–2.3 µm, macroconidia: cylindrical, 10 × 2.4 µm) …………………………………………………………..……………………………………………T. tundrense
	42a. Phialides relatively longer, 4.4–7.8 × 1.5–2.7 µm, conidia cylindrical, 2.6–4.1 × 0.8–1.3 µm, colonies white to pale cream……………………………………………………………………………………………………..T. nubicola
	42b. Phialides shorter, 2.8–3.5 × 2.0–3.0 µm, conidia broadly oval, 2.5–3 × 2.0–2.5 µm, colonies white….T. terricola
	43a. On Elaphomyces………………………………………………………………………………………T. guangdongense
	43b. From Ophiocordyceps sinensis……………………………………………………………………………………………………44
	44a. Conidia reniform, 1.0–3.2 × 0.7–1.6 µm, phialides 3.4–10.6 × 1.1–3.8 µm……………………….T. reniformisporum
	44b. Conidia spherical, 1.4–3.6 µm diam, phialides 7.6–19.4 × 2.9–3.6 µm.……………………………………T. sinense
	45a. On mosquito larvae, conidia two types (ellipsoidal: 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 µm, subglobose to ellipsoidal, or kidney-shaped: 3.5–4 × 3–3.5 µm)…………………………………………………………………………….. T. extinguens
	45b. On bdelloid rotifers, conidia only one type……………………………………………………..…………………46
	46a. Phialides thicker, 4–8 × 3–4.5 µm, conidia circular, 2.5–3.2 × 1.5–2.0 µm, colonies pure white………T. lignicola
	46b. Phialides slender, 4.8–9.8 × 1.4–3.5 µm, conidia like an equilateral triangle or less ellipsoidal, 2–3 × 1.3–1.7 µm, colonies white or pale yellow……………………………………………………………………………………T. trigonosporum