TABLE 2.
Characteristics of Included Intravenous Admixtures, Staff Members, and Patients
| Characteristics | Clinical Wards Usual Care |
Hospital Pharmacy CIVAS Period 1 |
Hospital Pharmacy CIVAS Period 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intravenous admixtures | |||
| Admixtures, n | 285 | 798 | 543 |
| Clinical ward, n (%) | |||
| Hematology | 212 (74.4) | — | — |
| Internal oncology | 52 (18.2) | — | — |
| Neurosurgery | 21 (7.4) | — | — |
| Pharmaceutical form medication vial, n (%) | |||
| Injection powder | 211 (74.0) | 752 (94.2) | 507 (93.4) |
| Injection liquid | 57 (20.0) | 46 (5.8) | 34 (6.3) |
| Infusion | 17 (6.0) | 0 | 2 (0.4) |
| Medication class (ATC classification), n (%) | |||
| Anti-infectives for systemic use (J) | 207 (72.6) | 666 (83.5) | 453 (83.4) |
| Other | 78 (27.4) | 132 (16.5) | 90 (16.6) |
| Day of the week, n (%) | |||
| Weekdays | 174 (61.1) | 496 (62.2) | 303 (55.8) |
| Weekend | 111 (38.9) | 302 (37.8) | 240 (44.2) |
| Time window,* n (%) | |||
| 7:00 am to 10:00 am | 60 (21.1) | 343 (43.0) | 160 (29.5) |
| 10:00 am to 2:00 pm | 76 (26.7) | 314 (39.3) | 198 (36.5) |
| 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm | 86 (30.2) | 141 (17.7) | 185 (34.1) |
| 6:00 pm to 7:00 am | 62 (21.8) | 0 | 0 |
| Staff members† | |||
| Staff members, n | 74 | 18 | 21 |
| Staff members, personal data available, n (%) | 20 (27.0) | 17 (94.4) | 21 (100) |
| Male, n (%) | 3 (4.1) | 0 | 2 (9.5) |
| Age, median (IQR) | 35 (27–49) | 29 (25–38) | 26 (22–38) |
| Degree type, n (%) | |||
| Nurse | 11 (55.0) | — | — |
| Specialized nurse | 9 (45.0) | — | — |
| Pharmacy technician | — | 17 (100) | 19 (90.5) |
| Student (other) | — | 0 | 2 (9.5) |
| Educational level, n (%) | |||
| Secondary vocational education | 10 (50.0) | 16 (94.1) | 18 (85.7) |
| Higher professional education | 10 (50.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 |
| University education | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.5) |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.8) |
| Experience since diploma,‡ n (%) | |||
| 0–1 y | 0 | 4 (23.5) | 3 (14.3) |
| 1–5 y | 5 (25.0) | 6 (35.3) | 8 (38.1) |
| >5 y | 15 (75.0) | 7 (41.2) | 6 (28.6) |
| No diploma | 0 | 0 | 4 (19.0) |
| Patients§ | |||
| Patients, n | 67 | 189 | 211 |
| Male, n (%) | 40 (59.7) | 111 (58.7) | 122 (57.8) |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 60 (51–67) | 61 (47–69) | 61 (48–70) |
| Prescribed medications per day, median (IQR) | 14 (11–18) | 13 (10–17) | 13 (9–17) |
*Missing time window: 1 intravenous admixture in clinical wards.
†Missing nursing staff identifier: 7 intravenous admixtures.
‡Experience since graduation from the nursing or pharmacy technician training program.
§Missing patient identifier: 3 intravenous admixtures.
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical.