TABLE 3.

Effects of a Pharmacy-based CIVAS on IAPEs

	IAPE Prevalence		Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Analysis*†
	All Admixtures, n/N (%)	After Exclusion of Matched Admixtures*, n/N (%)	Univariable Analysis (n = 995), Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	Multivariable Analysis‡ (n = 994), Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Measurement period
Clinical wards: usual care	148/282 (52.5)	134/264 (50.8)	Reference	Reference
Hospital pharmacy: CIVAS period 1	63/796 (7.9)	28/319 (8.8)	0.06 (0.02–0.16)	0.06 (0.02–0.18)
Hospital pharmacy: CIVAS period 2	14/543 (2.6)	11/419 (2.6)	0.02 (0.005–0.05)	0.02 (0.004–0.05)

*Only the first admixture was included for matched admixtures, that is, admixtures with the following identical characteristics: staff member, patient, medication name, time window, and date of admixture preparation.

^†Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was used to account for within-subject correlations because of repeated measurements by staff members and patients.

^‡Odds ratios have been adjusted for time window and day of admixture preparation.

Odds ratios in bold have a P < 0.05.