Table 1.
Summary of the low-temperature electrochemical properties of different notable cathodes.
| Material | Cell Type | Capacity | Stability | Theoretical Capacity | Mass Loading | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVP/C from KB carbon | Half-cell | 92 mA·h·g−1 (−30 °C, 4 C) |
99% after 500 cycles (−30 °C, 4 C) |
132 mA·h·g−1 | 1–2 mg·cm−2 | [45] |
| LiFePO4/C | Half-cell | 109.2 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
91% after 50 cycles (0 °C, 0.1 C) |
170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [46] |
| LiFePO4/CNT with conductive network | Half-cell | 90 mA·h·g−1 (−10 °C, 1 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | 3.7–4.2 mg·cm−2 | [47] |
| LiFePO4/graphene nanofibers | Half-cell | 124.4 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
92% after 200 cycles (−20 °C, 1 C) |
170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [48] |
| LiFePO4/C from fructose and calcium lignosulfonate | Half-cell | 109.4 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.5 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [49] |
| Li2O·B2O3-coated NCM | Half-cell | 101.9 mA·h·g−1 (−40 °C, 0.2 C) |
70.6% after 50 cycles (−20 °C, 0.2 C) |
280 mA·h·g−1 | 8.2 mg·cm−2 | [18] |
| MnO2-coated LVP/C | Half-cell | 102 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 1 C) |
N/A | 197 mA·h·g−1 | 2.5 mg·cm−2 | [50] |
| CeO2-coated LVP/C | Half-cell | 103.3 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 1 C) |
95.6% after 50 cycles (−20°C, 5 C) |
197 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [51] |
| CeO2-coated LiFePO4/C | Half-cell | 99.7 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [52] |
| AlF3-coated Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 | Half-cell | 109.3 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | [54] |
| Polypyrrole-coated LiFePO4 | Half-cell | 128 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [55] |
| Mo-doped Li1+xNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 | Half-cell | 65.4 mA·h·g−1 (−30 °C, 5 C) |
N/A | 280 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [39] |
| Ti-doped LiFePO4/C | Full cell | 112.8 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 1 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [59] |
| B-doped Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 | Half-cell | 101.9 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.2 C) |
93.4% after 50 cycles (− 20 °C, 0.2 C) |
N/A | N/A | [60] |
| P-doped LiFePO4/C - | Half-cell | 82.7 mA·h·g−1 (−40 °C, 0.1 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | 1.092 mg·cm−2 | [61] |
| Co-doped Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 | Half-cell | 111.3 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
58.4% after 40 cycles (−20 °C, 0.1 C) |
N/A | N/A | [62] |
| Re-LFP | Half-cell | 107 mA·h·g−1 (−20 °C, 0.2 C) |
N/A | 170 mA·h·g−1 | N/A | [67] |
| Pure phase LVP | Half-cell | 90 mA·h·g−1 (−30 °C, 0.2 C) |
80% after 1000 cycles (−10 °C, 10 C) |
132 mA·h·g−1 | 2 mg·cm−2 | [68] |
| Coral-shaped LiFePO4/graphene | Full cell | 101 mA·h·g−1 (−40 °C, 3 C) |
91% after 20 cycles (−40 °C, 3 C) |
170 mA·h·g−1 | 8–10 mg | [69] |