Table 2.

Potential biomarkers involved in PDA pathogenesis.

Biomarker	Potential Pathological or Clinical Role That May Relate to Perinatal Inflammation and PDA	References
TNF-α	Mediators in the early inflammatory response	[25]
IL-1	Mediators in the early inflammatory response Risk of preterm birth	[25,84]
IL-6	Mediators in the early inflammatory response Risk of preterm birth Clinically related to persistent PDA	[25,39,74,79,84]
IL-8, IL-10, MIP-1α	Related to persistent PDA Clinical risk of preterm birth	[79,84]
IL-15	Attenuates smooth muscle cell proliferation Involved in atherogenesis	[86,87]
IL-17	Risk of preterm birth Involved in vascular remodeling and prostaglandin expression Increases platelet aggregation	[84,88]
GDF-15	Related to persistent PDA Associated with tissue hypoxia, inflammation, acute injury, and oxidative stress.	[79]
ΜCP-1	Clinically related to persistent PDA Regulates migration and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages Risk of preterm birth Related to thrombus formation	[79]
PGDH	Risk of preterm birth	[84]