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. 2022 Nov 12;23(22):13974. doi: 10.3390/ijms232213974

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Exosomes from MSCs (MSCs-Exo) can be used as a drug delivery system. Commonly two methods are used to produce exosomes containing therapeutic agents known: the direct method and the indirect method. In direct method: MSCs-Exo are isolated and then loaded with therapeutic agents. In the indirect method: MSCs cells are modified to produce optional exosomes. Loading methods, including overexpression, transfection, electroporation, and incubation, are commonly used to load therapeutic agents.