Table 3.

Antibacterial studies of ramie fibers.

Ramie Modification	Bacteria	Type	Method	Result	Ref
Non-modified Ramie Fibers
Ramie plant fiber as surgical suture material	Escherichia coli (MTCC40)	Gram- negative	Agar plate method: agar plates are prepared with nutrients and a layer of bacteria was added to the plate as well as sterile suture fiber.	Good antibacterial activity with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm	[92]
	Bacillus subtilis (MTCC441) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC3160)	Gram- positive		B. subtilis showed a zone of inhibition of 14 mm and the S. aureus strain showed a zone of inhibition of 11 mm
Modified Ramie Fibers
Ramie Fabric Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles	Escherichia coli	Gram- negative	Antibacterial effect by the percentage of bacteria reduction (R%) by the equation: $\%=\frac{W-Q}{W}\ast 100$ W is bacteria colonies of control and Q bacteria colonies of treated	Decreased cellular growth with the increasing content of nano-TiO2. With 0.8 g/L of nano-TiO2 there was a 98.5% of bacteria reduction	[96]
	Staphylococcus aureus	Gram- positive		Decreased cellular growth with the increasing content of nano-TiO2. With 0.8 g/L of nano-TiO2 there was a 99.0% of bacteria reduction
Silver and Gold Nanoparticles on Ramie Fibers	Escherichia coli	Gram- negative	AATCC 100-2004 test: after exposing the fibers to the bacteria for 18 h at 120 rpm and 37 °C, the fibers are set aside and the cells are diluted, counted, and compared to the initial count.	Silver nanoparticles in ramie fiber showed 100% antibacterial activity because there was no growth of bacterial colonies on the culture plate.	[91]