Figure 2.

Mechanism of action: when a ligand binds with the ER, which is present on the cell membrane or phospholipid layer, the heat shock proteins associated with it are dissociate. Conformational changes take place and further proceeds to dimerization. Due to the receptor’s hydrophobicity, it enters the nucleus and binds with the ERE element on DNA. After that, it activates a variety of genes such as PTEN, STK 11 followed by the transcription process. Subsequently, translational process occurs. On the other hand, ligand (estradiol) directly enters into nucleus because of its hydrophobic nature. Next, the same process is also occurring here.