Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Name of First Autor (Date of Publication) | Country | Diagnostic Criteria (Diagnose) |
(S)S Interview (Name) | N (ASD, TD) | Mean Age (SD) | % of Males | Medication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweeten et al. (2003) [22] | USA | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R | ASD (n = 31) TD (n = 28) |
6.0 (2.80) 6.5 (2.50) |
87% 86% |
No No |
| Enstrom et al. (2009) [23] | USA | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R ADOS |
ASD (n = 17) TD (n = 16) |
3.9 (0.7) 3.3 (0.62) |
82% 81% |
NG NG |
| Onore et al. (2009) [24] | USA | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R ADOS |
ASD (n = 34) TD (n = 26) |
3.83 (0.27) 3.71 (0.37) |
85% 81% |
NG NG |
| Saresella et al. (2009) [25] | Italy | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
NG | ASD (n = 29) TD (n = 20) |
13 (3.00) 11 (3.00) |
70% 55% |
No No |
| Mostafa et al. (2010) [26] | Egypt | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
NG | ASD (n = 30) TD (n = 30) |
8.27 (2.66) 8.03 (2.50) |
73% 73% |
NG NG |
| Ashwood et al. (2011) [27] | USA | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R ADOS |
ASD (n = 70) TD (n = 35) |
3.8 (NG) 3.5 (NG) |
83% 83% |
NG NG |
| Heuer et al. (2012) [28] | USA | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R ADOS |
ASD (n = 42) TD (n = 31) |
6.83 (NG) 6.00 (NG) |
88% 77% |
NG NG |
| Wasilewska et al. (2012) [29] | Poland | DSM-IV/ICD-10 (regressive autism) |
NG | ASD (n = 24) TD (n = 24) |
4.25 (1.70) 4.25 (2.20) |
96% 96% |
No No |
| Bodur et al. (2014) [30] | Turkey | DSM-IV (autistic disorder) |
NG | ASD (n = 23) TD (n = 21) |
5.9 (2.6) 5.8 (2.3) |
96% 81% |
NG NG |
| Tonhajzerova et al. (2015) [31] | Slovakia | DSM-5 (ASD, no-regression) |
NG |
ASD (n = 15) TD (n = 20) |
9.3 (0.7) 9.6 (0.8) |
87% sex-matched |
No No |
| Zhao et al. (2015) [32] | China | DSM-IV n = 75 autistic disorder, n = 3 Asperger’s n = 2 PDD-NOS |
NG | ASD (n = 80) TD (n = 80) |
3.69 (1.30) 3.69 (1.30) |
80% 80% |
No No |
| Ahmad et al. (2016) [33] | KSA | DSM-5 (ASD) |
NG |
ASD (n = 40) TD (n = 32) |
7.69 (2.26) 7.76 (2.45) |
75% 75% |
No No |
| Lopez-Cacho et al. (2016) [34] | Spain | DSM-5 (ASD) |
NG | ASD (n = 59) TD (n = 26) |
24.44 (6.24) 30.69 (6.28) |
73% 27% |
NG NG |
| Siniscalco et al. (2016) [35] | Italy | DSM-5 (ASD; No Asperger’s) |
ADOS | ASD (n = 104) TD (n = 31) |
6.7 (3.6) 5.2 (3.4) |
75% 61% |
No No |
| Ashaat et al. (2017) [36] | Egypt | ICD-10 (autistic disorder) |
NG | ASD (n = 60) TD (n = 60) |
8.7 (1.3) 7.9 (1.6) |
93% 77% |
NG NG |
| Pardo et al. (2017) [37] | USA | DSM-IV-TR (autistic disorder) |
ADI-R, ADOS | ASD (n = 104) TD (n = 54) |
4.41 (1.27) 3.64 (1.11) |
83% 76% |
NG |
| Kutlu and Cehver (2018) [38] | Turkey | ICD-10 n = 11 autistic disorder n = 53 PDD-NOS |
NG | ASD (n = 64) TD (n = 64) |
3.43 (1.03) age-matched |
81% sex-matched |
No No |
| Hesapcioglu et al. (2019) [39] | Turkey | DSM-IV/ICD-10 n = 30 autistic disorder n = 15 PDD-NOS |
NG | ASD (n = 45) TD (n = 43) |
13.51 (4.21) 11.90 (3.73) |
80% 77% |
No NG |
| Moaaz et al. (2019) [40] | Egypt | DSM-5 (ASD) |
NG | ASD (n = 44) TD (n = 45) |
7.2 (2.2) 7.1 (2.1) |
79% sex-matched |
NG NG |
| Abd-Allah et al. (2020) [41] | Egypt | DSM-5 (ASD) |
NG | ASD (n = 35) TD (n = 35) |
4.7 (2.4) 5.4 (2.4) |
69% 54% |
NG NG |
| Alpay et al. (2020) [42] | Turkey | NG (ASD) |
NG | ASD (n = 30) TD (n = 30) |
children | NG | NG NG |
| Rose et al. (2020) [43] | USA | DSM-IV (ASD) |
ADI-R ADOS |
ASD (n = 10) TD (n = 15) |
children | sex-matched | No No |
| Ceylan et al. (2021) [44] | Turkey | DSM-5 (ASD) |
NG | ASD (n = 48) TD (n = 38) |
9.4 (4.1) 9.8 (4.1) |
77% 60% |
Yes (n = 27) NG |
| De Giacomo et al. (2021) [45] | Italy | DSM-5 (ASD) |
ADOS | ASD (n = 26) TD (n = 16) |
8.3 (3.6) 9.9 (5.7) |
81% 81% |
No No |
| Topal et al. (2021) [46] | Turkey | DSM-5 (ASD) |
K-SADS-PL (6–18 years) No (<6 years) |
ASD (n = 72) TD (n = 70) |
8.3 (3.2) 8.4 (3.8) |
76% 70% |
No No |