Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Survival (n = 1037) |
Death (n = 164) |
p | Survival (n = 159) |
Death (n = 159) |
p Value |
| * Age, year | 71 (64–80) | 76 (70–82.5) | 0.001 | 74 (66–84) | 76 (70–82.5) | 0.258 |
| * Gender, male | 524 (50.5) | 79 (48.2) | 0.574 | 84 (52.8) | 79 (49.7) | 0.575 |
| LOS hospital, day | 8 (4.9–13.9) | 8.5 (4.0–15.8) | 0.666 | 8.8 (5.9–16.3) | 8.7 (4–15.8) | 0.227 |
| LOS ICU, day | 2.4 (1.3–4.9) | 3.9 (1.7–7.9) | 0.001 | 2.3 (1.2–4.6) | 3.9 (1.7–7.9) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| * Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.2 (9.8–12.7) | 10.9 (9.2–12.2) | 0.001 | 10.4 (9.4–12.5) | 10.9 (9.1–12.2) | 0.797 |
| * WBC, 109/L | 10.9 (7.9–14.6) | 12.7 (9.2–17.5) | 0.854 | 11.4 (8.1–15.6) | 12.7 (9.3–17.2) | 0.076 |
| * Platelets, 109/L | 217 (163–280) | 193 (133.2–271.7) | 0.001 | 217 (149.8–265.5) | 192 (133–276.5) | 0.187 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 144 (119.4–180.3) | 144 (121.7–178.4) | 0.828 | 138.6 (117.5–175) | 142.3 (118.8–174) | 0.501 |
| * Creatinine, ng/dL | 1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.8) | 0.040 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.8) | 0.618 |
| MCHC, g/dL | 32.2 (31.1–33.2) | 32.1 (31–33.2) | 0.377 | 31.9 (30.9–33) | 32.1 (31–33.2) | 0.456 |
| * RDW, % | 14.8 (13.8–16.1) | 15.2 (14–16.9) | 0.006 | 15.1 (14.2–17) | 15.2 (14–16.9) | 0.958 |
| * Hematocrit, % | 35 (30.5–39.5) | 33.7 (28.9–37.7) | 0.004 | 33.7 (29.1–38) | 33.4 (28.2–37.6) | 0.698 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 22.5 (16–35.5) | 30 (20.5–45) | 0.001 | 25.5 (16.5–37.5) | 30 (20.5–44.5) | 0.005 |
| * Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 26 (23–30) | 25 (21.3–30) | 0.036 | 26 (22.5–29) | 25 (21.5–30) | 0.269 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| * Hypertension | 423 (40.8) | 57 (34.8) | 0.146 | 57 (35.8) | 55 (34.6) | 0.907 |
| * Diabetes | 321 (31) | 48 (29.3) | 0.716 | 47 (29.6) | 46 (28.9) | 0.902 |
| * Congestive heart failure | 516 (49.8) | 93 (56.7) | 0.110 | 87 (54.7) | 90 (56.6) | 0.735 |
| * Coronary artery disease | 309 (29.8) | 57 (34.8) | 0.202 | 45 (28.5) | 55 (34.6) | 0.227 |
| * Chronic kidney disease | 247 (23.8) | 41 (25) | 0.768 | 39 (25.5) | 40 (25.2) | 0.897 |
| * Severe liver disease | 18 (1.7) | 5 (3) | 0.228 | 4 (2.5) | 5 (3.1) | 0.735 |
| * Obesity | 161 (15.5) | 24 (14.5) | 0.817 | 25 (17.5) | 24 (15.1) | 0.877 |
| * Malignant cancer | 132 (12.7) | 44 (26.8) | 0.001 | 37 (23.3) | 41 (25.8) | 0.602 |
| * Cerebrovascular disease | 82 (7.9) | 17 (10.4) | 0.286 | 15 (9.4) | 17 (10.7) | 0.709 |
| Monitoring parameters | ||||||
| * Heart rate, Bpm | 87 (77–99) | 91 (79–106) | 0.004 | 89 (80–102) | 91 (79–105) | 0.654 |
| * MAP, mmHg | 78 (71–85) | 75 (69–82) | 0.004 | 77 (71–84) | 75 (69–82) | 0.101 |
| * RR, breaths/minutes | 20 (18.1–23) | 21 (19–24) | 0.022 | 21 (19–24) | 21 (19–24) | 0.588 |
| SpO2,% | 95.4 (93.8–97) | 95 (93.5–97.3) | 0.649 | 95 (94–97) | 95 (93–97) | 0.834 |
| Intervention | ||||||
| * Mechanical ventilation | 327 (31.5) | 66 (40.2) | 0.031 | 50 (31.4) | 62 (39) | 0.159 |
Values are expressed as the median (IQR) or n (%). PSM, propensity score matching; LOS, length of stay; ICU, intensive care unit; WBC, white blood cells; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RR, respiratory rate. * Covariables included in the PSM.